. 2023 Sep 20;14(9):1824. doi: 10.3390/genes14091824

Table 1.

Overview of asthma endotypes and phenotypes.

Endotype	Phenotype	Clinical Features	Molecular Mechanism	References
T2-high asthma	Early-onset atopic asthma	Trigger-induced phenotypes. Steroid-sensitive. Preserved lung function	Allergy to aeroallergens	[8,13,14,19,25,26,27,28,29]
	Late-onset eosinophilic asthma	CRSwNP frequently associated. Steroid-refractory	Staphilococcus aureus enterotoxin	[11,12,30,31,32]
	NERD	Samter´s Syndrome. Adult onset. Trigger-induced phenotypes	Arachidonic acid dysregulation	[33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40]
T2-low asthma	Non-atopic asthma	Neutrophilic or paucigranulocytic.	Th1/Th17 inflammation	[22,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54]
	Non-atopic asthma	Adult onset	Th1/Th17 inflammation	[22,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54]
	Smoking-associated asthma	Adult onset. Lower lung function	Oxidative stress	[62,63,64,65,66,67]
	Obesity-associated asthma	Metabolic syndrome. Females. Preserved lung function	Th1/Th17 inflammation. Oxidative stress. IL-6	[55,56,57,58,59,60,61]
	Elderly-related asthma	Very late onset. Declined lung function	Th1/Th17 inflammation	[70,71,72,73,74]