Figure 1.

Discovery urine proteomics of AD versus healthy age-matched controls. (A) Volcano plot showing the nominally differentially expressed (p < 0.05) proteins in blue and non-significantly different proteins in red. Ingenuity pathway analyses of those proteins observed to have differential expression in the urine of AD patients versus normal, age-matched controls; (B) Canonical pathway analysis demonstrating that significant differences are observed in lipid and cholesterol homeostasis which is a hallmark of AD; (C) Disease and functional analyses clearly identifies that there is significant changes in biomarkers involved in amyloidosis and AD, indicating that proteins present in the urine identify underlying disease processes occurring in the brain.