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. 2023 Sep 14;24(18):14108. doi: 10.3390/ijms241814108

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Mechanisms of ferroptosis cellular defense systems. Shows the four cellular defense systems of ferroptosis. GR, glutathione reductase; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, glutathione disulfide; GPX4, glutathione peroxidase 4; CoQH₂, dihydroubiquione; CoQ, coenzyme Q; FSP1, ferroptosis suppressant protein 1; DHODH, dihydrowhey dehydrogenase; GCH1, GTP cyclohydrolase 1; DHFR, dihydrofolate reductase; BH₄, tetrahydrobiopterin; BH₂, dihydrobiopterin; PL-OO, phospholipid hydroperoxide; PL-OH, phospholipid alcohols; and NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. (Modified from [27,49]).