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. 2023 Sep 20;24(18):14358. doi: 10.3390/ijms241814358

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Diagram showing VP/OT-type neuropeptides from representative species in the Bilateria and the corresponding pharmacological effects in vitro. Species are classified by different colors, a dash (−) indicates that VP/OT-type neuropeptides were not functionally validated in vitro. Because of the specificity of asterotocin function, the diagram summarizes the functions of echinoderms by presenting the function of A. rubens in addition to summarizing the functions of A. japonicus in this study.