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Schematic representation of how circadian misalignment can lead to cardiovascular disease. Circadian misalignment induces dyslipidaemia and vascular inflammation directly, and indirectly through sleep deprivation, diet and obesity (thin lines). Clinical interventions, such as bright light therapy in the morning and melatonin in the evening, may be beneficial to improve the cardiovascular risk (thick lines). For references, please see the text.
