Table 1.
Digital planning for the prosthetic rehabilitation of auricular defects.
| Publications | No. of Cases | Purpose of Software Planning | Pre-Op Data for Digital Planning | Software | Printer/Miller | Printing Materials |
Navigation System (Yes/No) | Location & No. of Implants |
Implants System |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ciocca L., Scotti R. 2004 [26] | 1 | Fabrication of ear model | Minolta VIVID 900 3D laser scanner (Konica Minolta, Osaka, Japan) | Polygone editing tool (Minolta Co, Osaka, Japan), Rapidform CAD software (INUS Technology, Seoul, South Korea) | Z Printer 310 (Z Corp, Cambridge, MA, USA) | Powder and sealant from Z Corp. (Z Corp., Cambridge, MA, USA) | No | No | No |
| Sykes et al., 2004 [27] | 1 | Fabrication of ear model | Breuckmann OptoTOP scanner system (Breuckmann OptoTOP, Germany) | Polyworks software (InnovMetric Software), Freeform software (Freeform, NC, USA) | Thermojet printer | Wax material | No | No | No |
| Jiao et al., 2004 [28] | 1 | Fabrication of ear model | CT scan | Magics RP image ware (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium), Freeform software (Freeform, NC, USA) | Zippy-I RP machine (Kinergy Mechatronics, Singapore) | NM | No | No | No |
| Ciocca L et al., 2007 [29] | 1 | Fabrication of mold for auricular prosthesis and acrylic substructure | Minolta VIVID 900 3D laser scanner (Konica Minolta, Osaka, Japan) | Rapidform CAD software (INUS Technology, Seoul, South Korea), Software, Polygone editing tool (Minolta Co., Osaka, Japan) | Z Printer 310 (Z Corp, Cambridge, MA, USA) | Powder and sealant from Z Corp. (Z Corp., Cambridge, MA, USA) | No | No | No |
| Kurtulmus et al., 2009 [17] | 1 | Virtual implant planning | CT Scan | Implant 3D, Media Lab Software, 3D-Doctor software (Able Coorporation, Lexington, MA, USA) | NM | NM | No | No | No |
| Ciocca L et al., 2009 [30] | 1 | Surgical template for implant placement | CT, NextEngine Desktop 3D Scanner (NextEngine, Santa Monica, CA, USA) | Rapidform CAD software (INUS Technology, Seoul, South Korea) | Rapid prototyping machine (Z310Plus; Z Corp., Burlington, MA, USA) | NM | No | Right mastoid bone; 3 implants | NM |
| Turgut et al., 2009 [31] | 10 | Fabrication of ear model | CT scan | Modeling software (FreeForm Modeling Plus System, SensAble, Boston, MA) | Selective laser sintering (SLS) system (DTM Corp., Austin, TX, USA) | NM | No | No | No |
| Ciocca. L et al., 2010 [32] | 1 | Fabrication of mold for auricular prosthesis | NextEngine Desktop 3D Scanner (NextEngine, Santa Monica, CA, USA) | NextEngine Scan studio software (NextEngine, CA, USA) | 3D printer (Stratasys, Eden Prairie, MN, USA) | ABS P400 jet (Stratasys, Eden Prairie, MN, USA) | No | No | No |
| Verma et al., 2010 [22] | 2 | Virtual planning and intraoperative navigation for implant placement | CT scan | Navigation system, Stryker iNtellect Cranial (Stryker Navigation system, MI, USA) | NM | NM | Yes | Left and Right mastoid regions; 4 implants | Vistafix implants (Cochlear, Lone Tree, USA) |
| De Crescenzio F et al., 2011 [33] | 1 | Fabrication of mold for auricular prosthesis | NextEngine Desktop 3D Scanner (NextEngine, Santa Monica, CA, USA) | Rapidform CAD software (INUS Technology, Seoul, South Korea), Rhinoceros Software v. 4.0 (Robert McNeel & Associates, USA) | 3D printer (Stratasys, Eden Prairie, MN, USA) | ABS P400 jet (Stratasys, Eden Prairie, MN, USA) | No | Right mastoid bone; 2 implants | Straumann implants (Institut Straumann AG, Basel, Switzerland |
| Liacouras et al., 2011 [34] | 1 | Designing and creation of digital model and mold fabrication | CT scan, 3D photography/imaging (3dMD cranial System; 3dMD, Atlanta, GA, USA) | Mimics Software (Mimics Innovation Suite, Materialise, Leuven, Belgium), Freeform software (Freeform, NC, USA) (14 cases), Geomagics Studio software (3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC, USA) | ZPrinter 450, using zp130 Powder and zb59 Binder; (Z Corp., Cambridge, MA, USA) | NM | No | No | No |
| Kolodney et al., 2011 [35] | 1 | Surgical template for implant placement | CT scan | Mimics Software (Mimics Innovation Suite, Materialise, Leuven, Belgium), SurgiCase software (Materialise LLC, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) | NM | Somos DMX 100 Resin material (Somos DSM, Desotech Inc., Elgin, Illinois, USA) | No | Right mastoid bone; 3 implants | NM |
| Karatas MO et al., 2011 [36] | 2 | Fabrication of ear models | CT scans | Mimics Software (Mimics Innovation Suite, Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) | 3D ink-jet FDM printer (Z Corp, Cambridge, MA, USA), Perfactory Standard SXGA+ stereolithography printer (Envisiontec Inc., Germany) | Acrylic material | No | No | No |
| Bai et al., 2012 [37] | 1 | Surgical template for implant placement | CT scan | Geomagics Studio software (3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC, USA), Mimics Software (Mimics Innovation Suite, Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) | Rapid Prototyping machine AFS-360 printer (Long yuan Technology Ltd., Beijing, China) | Resin material (Details NM) | No | Left mastoid region, 3 implants | NM |
| Reitemeier et al., 2012 [38] | 1 | Surgical template for implant placement | CT scan | Software (VoXim v6.1; IVS Solutions AG, Chemnitz, Germany) | FDM Vantage S; (Stratasys, Eden Prairie, MN, USA) | Acrylic resin template | No | Right mastoid region, 2 implants | Straumann implants (Straumann GmbH, Freiburg, Germany) |
| Hatamleh and Watson. 2013 [39] | 1 | Fabrication of ear model | 3Shape R700 scanner (3 Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark) | 3 Shape software (3 Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark) | Z-Corp Printer (Z Corp, Cambridge, MA, USA) | NM | No | 2 craniofacial implants | Vistafix craniofacial implants (Cochlear, Surrey, UK) |
| Bai et al., 2014 [40] | 6 | Fabrication of mold for auricular prosthesis | CT scan, structured-light 3D scanner (3DSS-STD-II, Digital Manu, Shanghai, China) | Mimics Software (Mimics Innovation Suite, Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) | Rapid Prototyping machine AFS-360 printer (Long yuan Technology Ltd., Beijing, China) | Resin material | No | No | No |
| Tam CK et al., 2014 [8] | 6 | Fabrication of ear model | CT scan, 3dMDFace (3dMD, Atlanta, USA) | Mimics Software (Mimics Innovation Suite, Materialise, Leuven, Belgium), Surgical navigation system (BrainLAB, Feldkirchen, Germany) | Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) | NM | Surgical navigation system (BrainLAB, Feldkirchen, Germany) | 12 implants were placed in mastoid bone | Dental implants (Friadent, Dentsply, Mannheim, Germany) |
| Watson and Hatamleh 2014 [41] | 3 | Fabrication of ear model | 3Shape R700 scanner (3 Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark) | Software Z-Build (Z Corp, Cambridge, MA, USA) | 3D printer (Z Corp., Cambridge, MA, USA). | Gypsum (150 Powder) (Z Corp, Cambridge, MA, USA) | No | No | No |
| Wang et al., 2015 [42] | 1 | Fabrication of model for implant placement planning | EBCT scan | Geomagics Studio software (3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC, USA) | SLS machine (AFS-360; (Long yuan Technology Ltd., Beijing, China) | Resin material | No | 3 implants in right mastoid bone | Implants (MDIC; FMMU, China) |
| Nuseir et al., 2015 [43] | 1 | Surgical template for implant placement | CT scan | Mimics Software (Mimics Innovation Suite, Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) | 3D printer (Z Corp, Cambridge, MA, USA) | NM | No | Left mastoid region, 2 implants | Vistafix craniofacial implants (Cochlear, Surrey, UK |
| Choi et al., 2016 [44] | 2 | Planning for craniofacial implant placement | CT scan | BrainLAB software (BrainLAB AG, Munich, Germany) | No | No | Image guidance systems (IGS) (Brainlab AG, Munich, Germany). | 4 implants in mastoid bone | Vistafix craniofacial implants (Cochlear, Surrey, UK) |
| Weissler et al., 2017 [45] | 1 | Virtual planning and intraoperative navigation for implant placement | CT scan, Laser scan | iPlan Cranial 3.0 BrainLAB software (BrainLAB AG, Munich, Germany) | NM | NM | Yes | Left & Right mastoid region; 4 implants | Vistafix craniofacial implants (Cochlear, Surrey, UK) |
| Yadav et al., 2017 [46] | 1 | Fabrication of mold for auricular prosthesis | CT scan | 3D modeling software | NM | NM | No | No | No |
| Nafij Bin Jamayet et al., 2018 [47] | 1 | Fabrication of ear model | NextEngine Desktop 3D Scanner (NextEngine, Santa Monica, CA, USA) | NextEngine Scan studio software (NextEngine, CA, USA), Rapidworks 64 version 4.1.0. (3D system, Inc., Rock Hill, USA) | Objet30 Scholar 3D Printer (Stratasys, Eden Prairie, MN, USA) | NM | No | No | No |
| Unkovskiy et al., 2018 [48] | 1 | Fabrication of mold for auricular prosthesis | Artec Color 3D scanner (Artec 3D, Luxembourg) | Artec Studio Software (Artec 3D, Luxembourg), Z brush software (Pixologic, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA) | ProJet 3510 CPXPlus (3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC, USA), SPro 60 HD (3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC, USA) | VisiJet M3 Hi-Cast printer (3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC, USA) | No | No | No |
| Sanghavi, et al., 2018 [49] | 1 | Fabrication of ear model | CT scan | Freeform software (Freeform, NC, USA) | 3D printing technology (Stereolithography) | Acrylic photopolymeric material | No | No | No |
| Ferreira R, Vives P. 2019 [50] | 2 | Fabrication of custom titanium plate for locator attachments | CT scan | Materialise 3-matic software 9.0 (Materalise, Leuven, Belgium) | Selective laser melting | Titanium grade 2 | No | No | No |
| Vijverberg MA et al., 2019 [51] | 11 | Surgical template for implant placement | CT scan | 3 Shape software (3 Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark) | NM | Polyamide material (Oceanz BV, Ede, The Netherlands) | No | 31 VXI300 implants in mastoid bone | Vistafix implants (Cochlear Bone Anchored Solutions AB, Mölnlycke, Sweden) |
| Cevik and Kocacikli. 2020 [52] | 1 | Fabrication of mold for auricular prosthesis | Artec Color 3D scanner (Artec 3D, Luxembourg) | Artec studio 16 software (Artec 3D, Luxembourg) | FDM technology printer; MakerBot Replicator 2 (MakerBot Industries, Brooklyn, NY, USA) | Polylactic acid material (PLA) | No | No | No |
| McHutchion and Aalto. 2021 [53] | 5 | Fabrication of scan bodies and molds for auricular prosthesis | 3dMD flex System (3dMD LLC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA), 3Shape R700 scanner (3 Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark) | Geomagics Studio software (3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC, USA) | Stereolithography 3D printer Form2 (Formlabs Inc., Somerville, Massachusetts, USA) | Clear resin, white resin (Formlabs Inc., Somerville, Massachusetts, USA) | No | No | No |
| Domingue D. et al., 2021 [54] | 1 | Surgical template for implant placement | CBCT scan | Meshmixer (Autodesk Inc., USA), Blue Sky Plan software (Blue Sky Bio, LLC, USA) | CEL Robox 3D printer (CEL, Bristol, UK) | nGen colorFabb polymer material (Eastman Chemical Company, Belfeld, Netherlands) | No | 4 implants in right mastoid bone | Vistafix craniofacial implants (Cochlear, Surrey, UK) |
| Unkovskiy et al., 2021 [55] | 1 | Fabrication of ear model and substructure and printing of silicone auricular prosthesis | Pritiface 3D photogrammetry system (pritiface; pritidenta GmbH, Germany), 3Shape R700 scanner (3 Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark) | Exocad software (Exocad, GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany), Z brush software (Pixologic, Inc., USA) | Stereolithography (SLA) (Form 2; Formlabs) (Formlabs Inc., Somerville, Massachusetts, USA) | Resin material (Flexible; Formlabs) (Formlabs Inc., Somerville, Massachusetts, USA), ACEO silicone material (Drop-on-Demand ACEO; Wacker Chemie AG, Munich, Germany) | No | No | No |
| Dashti et al., 2022 [56] | 1 | Fabrication of working cast and bar | Artec Color 3D scanner (Artec 3D, Luxembourg), 3Shape R700 scanner (3 Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark) | Z brush software (Pixologic, Inc., USA), Exocad software (Exocad, GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany) | Stereolithography printer | PowerDent resin material (ProTech Transfer Co., Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand) | No | No | No |
| Hatamleh MM et al., 2022 [57] | 3 | Surgical template for implant placement | CT scan | CMF Pro Plan; Materialise | Form 2; Formlabs GmbH | NM | No | Patient 1: Right mastoid bone. 2 implants of 4 mm Patient 2: 2 implants on each side |
Branemark; Cochlear Europe Ltd. |
| Heydenrych A et al., 2023 [58] | 1 | Surgical template for implant placement | CT scan | Materialise 3-matic software 9.0 (Materalise, Leuven, Belgium) | Selective laser sintering printer | Nylon PA 2200 | No | Right mastoid bone. 3 implants | No |
Abbreviations: CT: computed tomography; CBCT: cone-beam computed tomography; EBCT: electron beam computed tomography; Pre-op: preoperative; and NM: not mentioned.