Table 7.
WJ IV residualized broad abilities predicting reading.
| Low | Average | High | Pairwise Comparisons | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b (SE) | β (SE) | b (SE) | β (SE) | b (SE) | β (SE) | ||
| WJ IV Elementary | |||||||
| BRS→RC | .65 (.04) | .59 (.03) | .59 (.03) | .58 (.03) | .44 (.05) | .42 (.04) | L = A, L > H, A > H |
| Gc→RC | .09 (.04) | .08 (.03) | .10 (.03) | .10 (.03) | .09 (.04) | .08 (.04) | L = A, L = H, A = H |
| Glr→RC | .04 (.04) | .04 (.03) | −.06 (.03) | −.06 (.03) | .01 (.04) | .01 (.04) | L > A, L = H, A = H |
| Gv→RC | .03 (.04) | .03 (.03) | .04 (.03) | .05 (.03) | .03 (.04) | .03 (.04) | L = A, L = H, A = H |
| Ga→RC | −.07 (.04) | −.06 (.03) | .00 (.03) | .00 (.03) | .01 (.05) | .01 (.04) | L = A, L = H, A = H |
| Gf→RC | .44 (.04) | .35 (.03) | .20 (.03) | .17 (.03) | .28 (.05) | .26 (.04) | L > A, L > H, A = H |
| Gs→RC | −.03 (.03) | −.03 (.03) | −.05 (.02) | −.05 (.03) | .08 (.04) | .08 (.04) | L = A, L < H, A < H |
| Gsm→RC | −.06 (.04) | −.05 (.03) | −.01 (.03) | −.01 (.03) | −.01 (.04) | −.01 (.04) | L = A, L = H, A = H |
| Gc→BRS | .21 (.05) | .21 (.04) | .21 (.03) | .22 (.03) | .19 (.04) | .19 (.04) | L = A, L = H, A = H |
| Glr→BRS | −.08 (.05) | −.08 (.05) | −.13 (.03) | −.14 (.03) | −.11 (.04) | −.11 (.05) | L = A, L = H, A = H |
| Gv→RS | .02 (.05) | .02 (.05) | .06 (.03) | .07 (.03) | .06 (.04) | .07 (.05) | L = A, L = H, A = H |
| Ga→BRS | .15 (.05) | .14 (.05) | .14 (.03) | .14 (.03) | .17 (.05) | .16 (.05) | L = A, L = H, A = H |
| Gf→BRS | .47 (.05) | .42 (.04) | .31 (.04) | .27 (.03) | .30 (.05) | .29 (.04) | L > A, L > H, A = H |
| Gs→BRS | .00 (.04) | .00 (.04) | .02 (.03) | .03 (.03) | .01 (.04) | .01 (.05) | L = A, L = H, A > H |
| Gsm→BRS | .02 (.05) | .02 (.05) | .16 (.03) | .15 (.03) | .09 (.05) | .09 (.05) | L < A, L = H, A = H |
| g→BRS | 4.82 (.52) | .36 (.03) | 4.59 (.48) | .21 (.02) | 4.25 (.56) | .25 (.03) | |
| g→RC | 5.83 (.56) | .39 (.03) | 4.20 (.47) | .19 (.02) | 4.67 (.59) | .26 (.03) | |
| BRS R2 | .31 (.04) | .22 (.03) | .21 (.04) | L > A, L > H, A = H | |||
| RC R2 | .68 (.03) | .49 (.03) | .38 (.04) | L > A, L > H, A = H | |||
| WJ IV Secondary | |||||||
| BRS→RC | .54 (.04) | .50 (.04) | .44 (.03) | .44 (.03) | .52 (.04) | .53 (.03) | L = A, L = H, A = H |
| Gc→RC | .17 (.04) | .15 (.04) | .15 (.03) | .14 (.03) | .13 (.04) | .12 (.04) | L = A, L = H, A = H |
| Glr→RC | .12 (.04) | .11 (.04) | .06 (.03) | .06 (.03) | .07 (.04) | .07 (.04) | L = A, L = H, A = H |
| Gv→RC | .03 (.04) | .03 (.03) | .05 (.03) | .05 (.03) | .01 (.04) | .01 (.04) | L = A, L = H, A = H |
| Ga→RC | −.06 (.05) | −.05 (.04) | −.05 (.03) | −.05 (.03) | −.09 (.04) | −.09 (.04) | L = A, L = H, A = H |
| Gf→RC | .33 (.05) | .25 (.04) | .31 (.03) | .28 (.03) | .31 (.04) | .26 (.04) | L = A, L = H, A = H |
| Gs→RC | .03 (.03) | .03 (.03) | −.01 (.03) | −.01 (.03) | −.04 (.04) | −.04 (.03) | L = A, L = H, A = H |
| Gsm→RC | −.04 (.05) | −.03 (.04) | −.02 (.03) | −.02 (.03) | −.04 (.04) | −.04 (.04) | L = A, L = H, A = H |
| Gc→BRS | .30 (.04) | .28 (.04) | .17 (.03) | .16 (.03) | .20 (.05) | .18 (.04) | L > A, L = H, A = H |
| Glr→BRS | −.17 (.04) | −.17 (.04) | −.11 (.03) | −.11 (.03) | −.17 (.05) | −.16 (.04) | L = A, L = H, A = H |
| Gv→RS | .03 (.04) | .03 (.04) | .02 (.03) | .02 (.03) | .13 (.04) | .13 (.04) | L = A, L = H, A < H |
| Ga→BRS | .27 (.05) | .23 (.04) | .17 (.03) | .16 (.03) | .13 (.05) | .12 (.04) | L = A, L > H, A = H |
| Gf→BRS | .34 (.05) | .29 (.04) | .20 (.03) | .19 (.03) | .24 (.05) | .20 (.04) | L > A, L = H, A = H |
| Gs→BRS | .09 (.04) | .10 (.04) | .05 (.03) | .05 (.03) | .01 (.05) | .01 (.04) | L = A, L = H, A > H |
| Gsm→BRS | .02 (.05) | .01 (.04) | .14 (.03) | .14 (.03) | .14 (.05) | .12 (.04) | L < A, L = H, A = H |
| g→BRS | 4.88 (.49) | .35 (.03) | 3.55 (.41) | .15 (.02) | 3.78 (.54) | .21 (.03) | |
| g→RC | 5.76 (.55) | .39 (.03) | 4.27 (.43) | .18 (.02) | 3.99 (.53) | .22 (.03) | |
| BRS R2 | .33 (.04) | .13 (.02) | .17 (.03) | L > A, L = H, A = H | |||
| RC R2 | .51 (.03) | .37 (.02) | .44 (.03) | L > A, L > H, A = H | |||
Note. Values in bold are statistically significant; values in italics are not statistically significant (p < .05). Gc = Comprehension–Knowledge, Gf = Fluid Reasoning, Gsm = Short-Term Working Memory, Gs = Processing Speed, Ga = Auditory Processing, Glr = Long-Term Retrieval, Gv = Visual Processing, BRS = Basic Reading Skills, RC = Reading Comprehension, L = Low, A = Average, H = High.