Figure 2.

Individual processes that make up the potato agroecosystem: (a) potato reproduction; (b) tuberization; (c) Leptinotarsa decemlineata infestation; (d) establishment of invading L. decemlineata; (e) hatching of L. decemlineata eggs; (f) pupation of L. decemlineata larvae; (g) eclosion of L. decemlineata pupae; (h) reproduction of L. decemlineata; (i) reproduction of Edovum puttleri; (j) reproduction of Oplomus dichrous; and (k) dosing of pesticide. A circular vertex, or an M-type node, represents the stream of a raw material or an input to the network (with inverted triangle), an intermediate product or service (solid black), or a final product (double circle). The values indicate the rates of flow of the streams into and out of a process.