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Targets of secreted LOXL2. LOXL2 provokes ECM remodelling, activating the FAK signalling pathway in fibroblasts and tumour cells. Additionally, it stimulates the AKT and ERK signalling pathways specifically in tumour cells. LOXL2 oxidises PDGFRβ, enhancing ERK signalling in fibroblasts, and increases the secretion of lymphangiogenic factors (VEGFC and SDF-1α). In distant organs, secreted or exosomal LOXL2 stimulates the formation of premetastatic niche.
