Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| Total | Proteinuria-Free | Proteinuria-Resolved | Proteinuria-Developed | Chronic Proteinuria | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of participants (%) | 935,723 | 919,044 (98.2) | 7488 (0.8) | 8205 (0.9) | 986 (0.1) | |
| Age, years | 40.96 ± 11.01 | 40.95 ± 10.99 | 41.67 ± 11.87 | 41.71 ± 11.77 | 43.43 ± 11.58 | <0.001 |
| Sex | <0.001 | |||||
| Men | 585,143 (62.5) | 576,080 (62.7) | 3871 (51.7) | 4493 (54.8) | 699 (70.9) | |
| Women | 350,580 (37.5) | 342,964 (37.3) | 3617 (48.3) | 3712 (45.2) | 287 (29.1) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 115.88 ± 8.82 | 115.88 ± 8.82 | 115.91 ± 9.25 | 115.95 ± 9.2 | 118.13 ± 9.09 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 72.85 ± 6.14 | 72.85 ± 6.13 | 72.65 ± 6.32 | 72.85 ± 6.36 | 74.26 ± 6.26 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.91 ± 2.86 | 22.91 ± 2.85 | 22.95 ± 3.01 | 22.94 ± 3.13 | 23.66 ± 3.27 | <0.001 |
| Household income | <0.001 | |||||
| Q1, lowest | 133,759 (14.3) | 131,192 (14.3) | 1219 (16.3) | 1219 (14.9) | 129 (13.1) | |
| Q2 | 364,149 (38.9) | 357,587 (38.9) | 2962 (39.6) | 3281 (40.0) | 319 (32.4) | |
| Q3 | 304,680 (32.6) | 299,626 (32.6) | 2247 (30.0) | 2465 (30.0) | 342 (34.7) | |
| Q4, highest | 133,135 (14.2) | 130,639 (14.2) | 1060 (14.2) | 1240 (15.1) | 196 (19.9) | |
| Smoking | <0.001 | |||||
| Never | 564,164 (60.3) | 553,337 (60.2) | 4914 (65.6) | 5388 (65.7) | 525 (53.3) | |
| Former | 104,020 (11.1) | 102,352 (11.1) | 757 (10.1) | 772 (9.4) | 139 (14.1) | |
| Current | 267,539 (28.6) | 263,355 (28.7) | 1817 (24.3) | 2045 (24.9) | 322 (32.7) | |
| Alcohol consumption (days/week) | <0.001 | |||||
| <3 | 661,033 (70.6) | 648,951 (70.6) | 5464 (73.0) | 5963 (72.7) | 655 (66.4) | |
| ≥3 | 274,690 (29.4) | 270,093 (29.4) | 2024 (27.0) | 2242 (27.3) | 331 (33.6) | |
| Regular exercise (days/week) | <0.001 | |||||
| <3 | 772,628 (82.6) | 759,047 (82.6) | 6067 (81.0) | 6720 (81.9) | 794 (80.5) | |
| ≥3 | 163,095 (17.4) | 159,997 (17.4) | 1421 (19.0) | 1485 (18.1) | 192 (19.5) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 83,324 (8.9) | 81,058 (8.8) | 967 (12.9) | 1089 (13.3) | 210 (21.3) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 166,485 (17.8) | 162,667 (17.7) | 1658 (22.1) | 1837 (22.4) | 323 (32.8) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 963 (0.1) | 940 (0.1) | 11 (0.2) | 10 (0.1) | 2 (0.2) | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 14,261 (1.5) | 13,930 (1.5) | 162 (2.2) | 149 (1.8) | 20 (2.0) | <0.001 |
| Renal disease | 2685 (0.3) | 2532 (0.3) | 76 (1.0) | 48 (0.6) | 29 (2.9) | <0.001 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | <0.001 | |||||
| 0 | 400,108 (42.8) | 393,485 (42.8) | 2961 (39.5) | 3302 (40.2) | 360 (36.5) | |
| 1 | 395,345 (42.3) | 388,548 (42.3) | 3104 (41.5) | 3339 (40.7) | 354 (35.9) | |
| ≥2 | 140,270 (15.0) | 137,011 (14.9) | 1423 (19.0) | 1564 (19.1) | 272 (27.6) |
Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation or number (percentage). BMI, body mass index; Q, quartile.