Table 5.

Common Recurring Challenges in Reviewed Studies.

Private or public ownership of the banks	Major investigations have been conducted to determine whether or not the owners of private banks work for only commercial interests. Another concern relates to the ownership of stem cells by commercial and public banks, the methods for obtaining services from these banks, and the design of justice for access to bank services. It has been observed that private banks work to increase their economic capital, while general banks assist those in need.
Informed consent	Fifteen articles mentioned the requirement of informed consent from the donors and receivers. Obtaining informed consent before doing any investigative or therapeutic actions on patients is a concept that has been introduced previously in the medical field. It is one of the most important foundational concepts in the medical industry, and it will result in favorable ethical and moral outcomes. It is one of the most critical aspects of the patient’s right to donate UCB to the banks. It will give patients a better understanding of UCB collection and storage advantages.
Justice to access the services	The UCB stem cell banks are obligated to provide equal assistance to the needy; they must not work solely for economic gain. Equality is a crucial criterion or indicator for determining the success of health-related challenges. One of the primary concerns is that everyone should benefit from these services, regardless of their social or economic status.
Conflicts of interest	Three studies in our review mentioned the conflict of interest involved in the umbilical cord blood banking process. Corruption is the primary source of conflicts of interest. Conflicts of interest must be avoided and managed. When an organization or center’s interests collide with the lives and health of individuals, the conflict of interest is highlighted.
Social Problems	People’s perspectives on health concerns are essential in determining the success of any endeavor. Many studies have found that people need to be properly informed about UCB banks and their services. Efforts must be made to promote the process of UCB banking and to improve people’s perceptions of it by offering training. This is so that people can access suitable services, and so that healthcare professionals can be motivated to expand UCB operations in the health sector. People in some countries do not have a positive attitude toward banking because they may have received little or wrong facts about UCB banking.
Confidentiality	The actions of confidentiality in the hospital are a fundamental entitlement for patients, that cannot be taken away from them. According to the findings of the three surveys, many people voiced concerns about the confidentiality of their personal information in such banks. Doubts were expressed that their cells may be employed for something else. Donors and recipients were also concerned that their personal information might be shared with someone else. According to certain studies, the bank’s operations should be transparent.