Fig. 4. Environmental filtering at temperature extremes.

a,c, Estimates of overlapping variables included in temperate and tropical GLM models (forest plot) for phylogenetic (a) and functional (c) diversity models (phylogenetic diversity, n = 3,498; functional diversity, n = 3,368). Values to the left of the zero line indicate negative model estimates, and those to the right indicate positive estimates. b,d, Relationship between mean annual temperature and invasion strategy for phylogenetic (b) and functional (d) diversity models, showing that at extreme temperatures invasion occurs through similarity (Supplementary Table 7; phylogenetic diversity: P₍₁₎ = 9.69 × 10⁻¹⁴, P₍₂₎ = 2.13 × 10⁻¹¹; functional diversity: P₍₁₎ < 2 × 10⁻¹⁶, P₍₂₎ = 1.07 × 10⁻⁴, where P₍₁₎ and P₍₂₎ represent each temperature and temperature squared P values, respectively). Note for functional diversity, this pattern only holds at low temperatures. Error bars and bands represent standard error.