Table 2.

Food-associated pathogens and their susceptibility to predation

Pathogen	Source	Disease target	Predation in liquid culturesa	Biofilm removal by predationb	References
Gram-negative
Acidovorax avenae	Fruits, vegetables	Crop; seedling blight, bacterial fruit blotch (BFB)	+++	NDc	McNeely et al. (2017), Schaad et al. (2003)
Aeromonas spp.	Seafood	Aqua farming; crustaceans	++	Bdellovibrio  +	Chu and Zhu (2010), Dashiff et al. (2011), Hoel et al. (2019)
Agrobacterium tumefaciens	Fruits, vegetables	Crop; crown gall disease	±	ND	Escobar and Dandekar (2003), McNeely et al. (2017)
Burkholderia cepacia complex	Raw milk	Human	++	Micavibrio  +	Dashiff et al. (2011), McNeely et al. (2017), Moore et al. (2001)
Campylobacter	Vegetables, poultry, eggs, dairy	Human and Livestock	±	ND	Humphrey et al. (2007), Markelova (2010b)
Erwinia carotovora	Vegetables	Crop; soft rot	++	ND	Toth and Birch (2005), Yair et al. (2003)
Escherichia coli O157:H7	Vegetables, meat, dairy, and seafood	Human and Livestock	++	Bdellovibrio  +	Fratamico and Cooke (1996)
Escherichia coli STEC (non O157:H7)	Vegetables, meat, dairy, seafood	Human and Livestock	++	ND	Baker et al. (2016), Ottaviani et al. (2019)
Pseudomonas spp.	Fruits, vegetables, meat, dairy	Crop, Human and Livestock	+++	Bdellovibrio  +  Micavibrio  +	Dashiff et al. (2011), González‐Rivas et al. (2018)
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium	Fruits, vegetables, poultry, eggs	Human and Livestock; gastroenteritis, septicemia	+++	Bdellovibrio  +	Atterbury et al. (2011), Fratamico and Cooke (1996), Nguyen et al. (2014), Im et al. (2018)
Serratia spp.	Vegetables, meat, dairy	Human and Livestock	±	ND	Dashiff et al. (2011), Kurz et al. (2003)
Shigella spp.	Fecal contaminated food and water	Human; diarrhea	+++	Micavibrio  +	Dashiff et al. (2011), Lima et al. (2015), Willis et al. (2016)
Yersinia enterocolitica	Meat, dairy	Human and Livestock	+++	ND	Monnappa et al. (2014)
Vibrio cholerae	Seafood	Human; cholera	++	Bdellovibrio  +	Cao et al. (2015), Reidl and Klose (2002), Wucher et al. (2021)
Vibrio parahemolyticus	Seafood	Human; gastroenteritis	+++	Bdellovibrio  +	Dashiff et al. (2011), Kongrueng et al. (2017), Letchumanan et al. (2014), Richards et al. (2012)
Vibrio vulnificus	Seafood	Human; cellulitis, septicemia	+++	ND	Diaz (2014), Richards et al. (2012)
Xanthomonas spp.	Vegetables	Crop; spots, blights	++	ND	Boch and Bonas (2010), Odooli et al. (2021)
Gram-positive
Clostridium botulinum	Honey, canned food	Human; botulism	ND	ND	Schneider et al. (2011)
Listeria monocytogenes	Vegetables, meat, dairy	Human; listeriosis	ND	ND	Genigeorgis et al. (1991)
Staphylococcus aureus	Meat, dairy	Human	–	Bdellovibrio  +	Im et al. (2018), Monnappa et al. (2014)

^aActivity: (–)—no activity, (±)—weak to no activity, ( +)—weakly positive activity, (++)—good activity, (+++)—strong activity

^bActivity ( +) Removal of the biofilm was observed by the listed predator based on a qualitative evaluation

^cND—Not done or evaluated