Table 3.
Outcomes of deep learning algorithms for the diagnosis of the five main categories of skin disease.
| Outcome | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accuracy (%) | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | ||||
| All studies | Externally validated/tested studies | All studies | Externally validated/tested studies | All studies | Externally validated/tested studies | |
| Inflammatory disorders | ||||||
| (psoriasis, eczematous disorders, lichenoid disorders, immunobullous diseases, angioedema, urticaria, discoid lupus erythematous, fixed drug eruption, papulosquamous eruptions) | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 91.6 (80.0–95.8) | 82.7 (52.9–99.9) | 77.3 (63.3–92.0) | 58.1 (48.4–71.6) | 97.8 (94.8–99.3) | 99.5 (97.6–99.8) |
| Range | 35.0–100.0 | 35.0–100.0 | 35.3–99.6 | 35.3–91.7 | 71.6–100.0 | 95.7–100.0 |
| Number of studies | 30 | 6 | 47 | 12 | 40 | 10 |
| Follicular disorders of skin | ||||||
| (acne, rosacea, hidradenitis suppurativa) | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 93.0 (86.8–96.7) | 84.0 (n/a) | 87.4 (67.0–93.9) | 86.9 (62.8–91.9) | 96.9 (93.0–98.9) | 94.4 (n/a) |
| Range | 49.3–99.7 | 49.3–99.7 | 0.0–100.0 | 41.7–93.9 | 91.7–100.0 | 94.1–94.6 |
| Number of studies | 16 | 3 | 19 | 4 | 15 | 2 |
| Alopecia | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 100.0 (n/a) | 100.0 (n/a) | 84.1 (83.0–94.1) | 94.1 (n/a) | 99.6 (n/a) | 99.3 (n/a) |
| Range | 100.0 | 100.0 | 82.0–100.0 | 88.1–100.0 | 99.3–99.8 | 99.3 |
| Number of studies | 2 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Pigmentary disorders | ||||||
| (vitiligo, melasma) | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 87.8 (80.4–99.0) | 98.0 (n/a) | 86.1 (73.7–91.9) | 79.4 (73.7–88.4) | 97.4 (80.2–98.8) | 98.6 (n/a) |
| Range | 75.0–100.0 | 75.0–100.0 | 71.9–97.2 | 72.4–92.9 | 79.4–98.9 | 98.5–98.8 |
| Number of studies | 5 | 3 | 8 | 4 | 6 | 2 |
| Skin infections | ||||||
| (viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic skin infections) | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 87.5 (60.2–94.9) | 59.3 (50.0–73.7) | 76.9 (63.1–92.5) | 70.2 (55.8–80.3) | 98.9 (93.2–99.7) | 99.1 (97.4–99.8) |
| Range | 26.7–100.0 | 26.7–95.6 | 26.7–100.0 | 26.7–96.9 | 72.7–100.0 | 72.7–99.9 |
| Number of studies | 17 | 7 | 33 | 17 | 25 | 13 |
The five skin disease categories are inflammatory disorders, follicular disorders of skin, alopecia, pigmentary disorders and skin infections. Studies assessing multiple diseases are reported under each of the relevant disease categories. Where studies report multiple outcomes by using variations of DL algorithms or datasets, the best performing results are presented. Outcomes for ‘externally validated/tested studies’ (i.e. where datasets independent from the training dataset are used for validation and/or testing DL algorithms) are presented separately from ‘all studies’, as these studies are presumed to be at a lower risk of overfitting.
Deep learning (DL), interquartile range (IQR).