Table 1.

Crystallographic data of Gd₂O₃, CdS/Gd₂O₃, and CdS/Gd₂O₃@GO powdered compositions including crystalline size (D_s) via Scherrer’s equation, lattice distortion (ε), and uniform deformation model (UDM)

Composition	Sherrer’s crystallite size (nm)	ɛ×10−2	W–H crystallite size (nm)
Gd2O3	29.6	1.24	19.2
CdS/Gd2O3	11.6	− 2.87	8.3
CdS/Gd2O3/GO	11.5	1.09	8.2