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Macrophage sensing of influenza virus. TLR3, 7, and 8 can sense incoming virions. TLR4 is activated by HMGB1 or IAV nucleoprotein. TLR engagement results in the activation of proinflammatory or antiviral gene expression downstream of NF-κB or IRF3/7 signaling pathways. Additionally, replication products of IAV are recognized by nuclear RIG-I or ZBP1, inducing gene expression.
