Table 2. Prevalence of Exposure to Specific Violence Types at Each Study Visit.
| 3.5 years
( N = 530) |
4.5 years
( N = 749) |
6 years
( N = 417) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure at Least Once | |||
| Exposure to any form of violence | 383 (72.3%) | 562 (75.0%) | 318 (76.3%) |
| Witnessing community violence | 329 (62.1%) | 499 (66.6%) | 287 (68.8%) |
| Heard gunshots | 199 (37.5%) | 315 (42.1%) | 201 (48.2%) |
| Seen someone beaten up in the neighbourhood | 219 (41.3%) | 341 (45.5%) | 184 (44.1%) |
| Seen dead body in the neighbourhood | 35 (6.6%) | 64 (8.5%) | 39 (9.4%) |
| Seen somebody point a gun at another in the neighbourhood | 31 (5.8%) | 42 (5.6%) | 34 (8.2%) |
| Seen somebody get shot in the neighbourhood | 8 (1.5%) | 22 (2.9%) | 22 (5.3%) |
| Seen somebody point a knife at another in the neighbourhood | 75 (14.2%) | 119 (15.9%) | 72 (17.3%) |
| Seen somebody get stabbed in the neighbourhood | 47 (8.9%) | 65 (8.7%) | 50 (12.0%) |
| Seen someone forced to do something sexual neighbourhood | 3 (0.6%) | 1 (0.1%) | 7 (1.7%) |
| Child known someone killed by another | 15 (2.8%) | 30 (4.0%) | 22 (5.3%) |
| Seen someone being killed by another person elsewhere | 7 (1.3%) | 11 (1.5%) | 9 (2.2%) |
| Community victimisation | 45 (8.5%) | 68 (9.1%) | 58 (13.9%) |
| House robbery child present | 24 (4.5%) | 27 (3.6%) | 34 (8.2%) |
| Someone threatened to beat up the child at school or creche | 12 (2.3%) | 14 (1.9%) | 22 (5.3%) |
| Someone threatened to beat up the child elsewhere | 12 (2.3%) | 15 (2.0%) | 13 (3.1%) |
| Child been beaten up elsewhere | 7 (1.3%) | 22 (2.9%) | 13 (3.1%) |
| Someone elsewhere threatened to kill the child | 1 (0.2%) | 3 (0.4%) | 4 (1.0%) |
| Someone at school or creche threatened to shoot or stab the
child |
2 (0.4%) | 1 (0.1%) | 7 (1.7%) |
| Someone elsewhere threatened to shoot or stab the child | 2 (0.4%) | 1 (0.1%) | 5 (1.2%) |
| Someone shot or stabbed the child elsewhere | 2 (0.4%) | 1 (0.1%) | 4 (1.0%) |
| Witnessing domestic violence | 147 (27.7%) | 179 (23.9%) | 86 (20.6%) |
| Seen grownups at home hit each other | 138 (26.0%) | 169 (22.6%) | 73 (17.5%) |
| Seen somebody point gun at another at home | 10 (1.9%) | 5 (0.7%) | 10 (2.4%) |
| Seen someone at home get stabbed | 21 (4.0%) | 22 (2.9%) | 22 (5.3%) |
| Seen someone at home get shot | 3 (0.6%) | 2 (0.3%) | 5 (1.2%) |
| Seen someone forced to do something sexual | 2 (0.4%) | 2 (0.3%) | 9 (2.2%) |
| Seen someone being killed by another person at home | 2 (0.4%) | 7 (0.9%) | 6 (1.4%) |
| Domestic victimisation | 125 (23.6%) | 169 (22.6%) | 130 (31.2%) |
| Someone threatened to beat up the child at home | 12 (2.3%) | 15 (2.0%) | 25 (6.0%) |
| Child been beaten up at home | 12 (2.3%) | 16 (2.1%) | 15 (3.6%) |
| Someone at home threatened to kill the child | 4 (0.8%) | 3 (0.4%) | 8 (1.9%) |
| Family member threatened to shoot or stab the child | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.1%) | 5 (1.2%) |
| Someone shot or stabbed the child at home | 2 (0.4%) | 3 (0.4%) | 4 (1.0%) |
| Someone made the child do something sexual | 5 (0.9%) | 6 (0.8%) | 10 (2.4%) |
| Family member shouts at the child fiercely and loudly | 60 (11.3%) | 60 (8.0%) | 39 (9.4%) |
| Anyone at home used a stick or belt or hard item to hit the
child |
34 (6.4%) | 50 (6.7%) | 54 (12.9%) |
| Anyone at home hit the child so hard they were hurt | 19 (3.6%) | 26 (3.5%) | 23 (5.5%) |
| Anyone at home said the child would be sent away or kicked
out |
12 (2.3%) | 17 (2.3%) | 31 (7.4%) |
| Anyone at home called the child horrible names | 43 (8.1%) | 66 (8.8%) | 53 (12.7%) |