Table 2.
Characteristics of participants with/without CVD (weighted).
| Non-CVD | CVD | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 12,817 | 1506 | |
| Male (%) | 6190 (48.4) | 826 (53.2) | 0.026 |
| Age (mean ± SD) (years) | 47 ± 16 | 65 ± 14 | <0.001 |
| Race (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Mexican-American | 1806 (8.9) | 130 (5.1) | |
| Other Hispanic | 1384 (6.1) | 145 (4.0) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 4853 (65.4) | 745 (71.1) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2844 (11.0) | 364 (12.8) | |
| Other Race | 1930 (8.6) | 122 (7.0) | |
| Education level (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Below high school | 2721 (14.3) | 454 (21.6) | |
| High school | 2733 (20.4) | 384 (26.3) | |
| Above high school | 7363 (65.3) | 668 (52.2) | |
| Marital status (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Married | 6589 (54.5) | 738 (53.6) | |
| Separated | 2573 (17.7) | 568 (33.0) | |
| Never married | 3655 (27.8) | 200 (13.4) | |
| Choline intake (mean ± SD) (mg/d) | 318.4 ± 165.5 | 297.2 ± 148.1 | 0.001 |
| BMI (mean ± SD) (kg/m2) | 28.99 ± 6.78 | 30.77 ± 7.47 | <0.001 |
| WBC (mean ± SD) (1000 cells/μL) | 7.26 ± 2.16 | 7.55 ± 2.95 | 0.001 |
| Lymphocyte cells (mean ± SD) (1000 cells/μL) | 2.15 ± 0.79 | 2.05 ± 2.17 | 0.003 |
| Monocyte cells (mean ± SD) (1000 cells/μL) | 0.56 ± 0.20 | 0.63 ± 0.23 | <0.001 |
| Neutrophils cells (mean ± SD) (1000 cells/μL) | 4.31 ± 1.68 | 4.59 ± 1.68 | <0.001 |
| Eosinophils cells (mean ± SD) (1000 cells/μL) | 0.20 ± 0.15 | 0.24 ± 0.22 | <0.001 |
| Basophils cells (mean ± SD) (1000 cells/μL) | 0.05 ± 0.06 | 0.05 ± 0.06 | 0.073 |
| PLT (mean ± SD) (1000 cells/μL) | 239.2 ± 59.3 | 220.3 ± 67.1 | <0.001 |
| RBC (mean ± SD) (million cells/μL) | 4.68 ± 0.47 | 4.55 ± 0.52 | <0.001 |
| Hb (mean ± SD) (g/dL) | 14.18 ± 1.45 | 13.87 ± 1.59 | <0.001 |
| Alb (mean ± SD) (g/dL) | 4.35 ± 0.34 | 4.18 ± 0.35 | <0.001 |
| ALT (mean ± SD) (U/L) | 25.48 ± 18.00 | 26.06 ± 48.10 | 0.686 |
| AST (mean ± SD) (U/L) | 25.66 ± 14.53 | 27.06 ± 27.66 | 0.114 |
| BUN (mean ± SD) (mg/dL) | 13.47 ± 5.00 | 17.32 ± 8.53 | <0.001 |
| Cr (mean ± SD) (mg/dL) | 0.87 ± 0.34 | 1.07 ± 0.56 | <0.001 |
| UA (mean ± SD) (mg/dL) | 5.40 ± 1.38 | 5.81 ± 1.59 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mean ± SD) (%) | 5.60 ± 0.90 | 6.19 ± 1.31 | <0.001 |
| Smoking status (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Never smoker | 7477 (57.0) | 609 (39.4) | |
| Former smoker | 2845 (24.0) | 546 (36.7) | |
| Current smoker | 2495 (19.0) | 351 (23.9) | |
| Drinking status (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Non-drinker | 3972 (24.1) | 591 (32.6) | |
| Low-to-moderate drinker | 7682 (63.9) | 797 (57.6) | |
| Heavy drinker | 1163 (12.0) | 118 (9.8) | |
| eGFR (mean ± SD) (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 101.2 ± 29.1 | 80.9 ± 29.2 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity category (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Below | 4839 (34.2) | 868 (53.4) | |
| Meet | 1381 (10.4) | 155 (10.9) | |
| Exceed | 6597 (55.4) | 483 (35.7) | |
| Hypertension (%) | 4203 (29.9) | 1137 (72.2) | <0.001 |
| DM (%) | 8076 (60.9) | 1248 (82.7) | <0.001 |
| PIR (%) | <0.001 | ||
| 0–1 | 2872 (15.6) | 419 (20.2) | |
| 1–3 | 5143 (35.2) | 714 (46.6) | |
| >3 | 4802 (49.3) | 373 (33.2) | |
| HR (mean ± SD) (bpm) | 73 ± 12 | 70 ± 12 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mean ± SD) (mmHg) | 122 ± 17 | 129 ± 20 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mean ± SD) (mmHg) | 71 ± 11 | 67 ± 14 | <0.001 |
| Apo B (mean ± SD) (mg/dL) | 91.5 ± 24.7 | 88.4 ± 24.43 | 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mean ± SD) (mg/dL) | 54.1 ± 16.8 | 50.0 ± 16.1 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mean ± SD) (mg/dL) | 188.2 ± 173.0 | 181.0 ± 154.0 | 0.212 |
| LDL-C (mean ± SD) (mg/dL) | 103.5 ± 37.9 | 93.3 ± 36.5 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mean ± SD) (mg/dL) | 195.1 ± 41.2 | 179.3 ± 42.1 | <0.001 |
Values are weighted means ± SE for continuous variables or weighted percentages for categorical variables. CVD: cardiovascular diseases; PIR: poverty/income ratio; DM: diabetes mellitus; HR: heart rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; WBC: white blood cells; PLT: platelets; RBC: red blood cells; Hb: hemoglobin; Alb: albumin; ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate transaminase; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; Cr: creatinine; UA: uric acid; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c:glycohemoglobin; Apo B: apolipoprotein B; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.