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. 2023 Sep 15;15(18):3997. doi: 10.3390/nu15183997

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The effect of type of SSBs or ASBs consumption on risk of having NAFLD/NASH based on the multinominal logistical regression model. NAFLD was defined as simple steatosis without NASH. Model 1 was adjusted for age, gender, race, and PIR. Model 2 was adjusted for covariates in Model 1 and lifestyle pattern, including status of smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, and medical condition; and daily dietary intake pattern, including total energy, total sugar, and total fat. Model 3 was adjusted for covariates in Model 2 and BMI status. Non-soda intake was defined based on SSBs consumer who did not intake ASBs and regular soda. ASBs-only consumers were defined as individuals who only consumed soda with no-calorie artificial sweetener. Individuals who consumed two or more types of SSBs or ASBs and with any types of SSBs were defined as multiple-SSBs consumers.