Table 2.
The sampling-weight-adjusted distribution of lifestyle, dietary patterns, and SSB-related factors, and biomedical examination among NAFLD/NASH status.
| Factors | Liver Examination Status | p Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Normal | NAFLD 1 | NASH | ||
| Raw population 2 | N = 3739 | N = 1636 | N = 1367 | N = 736 | |
| Survey-weighted 3 | 100% | 46.8% | 32.7% | 20.5% | |
| Lifestyle patterns | |||||
| Cigarettes use | |||||
| none | 63.7% | 65.5% | 62.1% | 62.1% | 0.513 |
| former | 23.0% | 20.4% | 25.0% | 12.2% | |
| current | 13.3% | 14.1% | 12.9% | 25.7% | |
| Alcohol use | |||||
| none | 21.6% | 19.2% | 26.5% | 19.1% | 0.003 |
| light to moderate | 78.4% | 80.8% | 73.5% | 80.9% | |
| Physical activity (h/week) | |||||
| low | 58.0% | 50.2% | 68.0% | 60.0% | <0.001 |
| adequate | 42.0% | 49.8% | 32.0% | 40.0% | |
| Medical conditions 4 | |||||
| no | 43.2% | 51.7% | 32.0% | 41.8% | <0.001 |
| yes | 56.8% | 48.3% | 68.0% | 58.2% | |
| Daily dietary pattern, mean ± se | |||||
| Total caloric (kcal) | 2047 ± 25 | 2002 ± 31 | 2020 ± 35 | 2191 ± 43 | <0.001 |
| Total sugar (gm) | 102 ± 1.6 | 99 ± 1.7 | 103 ± 2.5 | 109 ± 4.5 | 0.019 |
| Total fat (gm) | 84.4 ± 1.3 | 83.2 ± 1.7 | 82.9 ± 1.5 | 89.6 ± 2.2 | 0.017 |
| Total caffeine (mg) | 162 ± 5.4 | 151 ± 6.1 | 176 ± 10.1 | 167 ± 8.9 | 0.037 |
| Total alcohol (gm) | 7.1 ± 0.4 | 6.3 ± 0.4 | 7.4 ± 0.8 | 8.8 ± 1.2 | 0.030 |
| SSB-related elements | |||||
| Sugar intake from total SSBs (gm), mean ± se | 38.1 ± 1.4 | 35.4 ± 1.3 | 40.3 ± 2.9 | 40.7 ± 2.9 | 0.023 |
| Sugar intake from each SSBs, mean ± se | |||||
| Soda (gm) | 20.7 ± 1.2 | 19.1 ± 1.3 | 21.3 ± 1.6 | 23.4 ± 2.5 | 0.067 |
| Fruit drinks (gm) | 5.1 ± 0.4 | 5.0 ± 0.6 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 0.990 |
| Sweetened tea/coffee | 9.8 ± 0.9 | 8.6 ± 0.7 | 11.7 ± 1.8 | 9.4 ± 1.6 | 0.350 |
| Sport/energy drinks | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 3.0 ± 0.7 | 0.914 |
| Type of SSB intake | |||||
| non-SSB intake | 26.9% | 29.9% | 25.9% | 21.9% | 0.065 |
| non-soda intake 5 | 21.7% | 22.7% | 19.1% | 23.5% | |
| ASB intake only 6 | 10.5% | 7.3% | 13.0% | 11.4% | |
| regular soda only | 19.8% | 18.6% | 18.9% | 24.1% | |
| multiple types | 21.1% | 20.5% | 23.2% | 19.1% | |
| Clinical Examination | |||||
| LSM (kPa), mean ± se | 5.5 ± 0.1 | 4.8 ± 0.1 | 5.8 ± 0.2 | 6.5 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L), mean ± se | 21.7 ± 0.4 | 18.3 ± 0.6 | 15.8 ± 0.2 | 38.5 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L), mean ± se | 21.1 ± 0.3 | 20.4 ± 0.6 | 17.2 ± 0.1 | 29.0 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, mean ± se | 96.3 ± 0.8 | 99.0 ± 0.9 | 92.0 ± 1.4 | 97.2 ± 1.4 | 0.056 |
| BMI | |||||
| normal weight | 29.3% | 53.3% | 13.4% | 7.1% | <0.001 |
| overweight | 32.2% | 32.1% | 37.0% | 28.4% | |
| obese | 38.5% | 14.6% | 49.6% | 64.5% | |
1 NAFLD was defined as simple steatosis without NASH. 2 Raw number of participants in this study without adjusting for sample survey design. 3 Results were obtained after adjusting for sample weights and complex study design. 4 Medical condition includes asthma, diabetes, fatty liver, COPD, arthritis, hypertension, congestive heart failure, heart attack, weak/failing kidneys, angina, thyroid problem, and cancer/malignancy. 5 Individuals who consumed sweetened drinks other than ASBs and regular soda were categorized into non-soda intake. 6 Individuals who only consumed soda with no-calorie artificial sweetener were defined as ASB-only.