Table 3.
Summary statistics of inflammatory markers in each stage of the trial.
| Inflammatory Marker 1 | Study Stage (Number of Weeks) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline, 2
(1 Week) |
Intervention (3 Weeks) |
Washout (3 Weeks) |
|
| IFN-γ | 5.56 ± 2.77 | 3.11 ± 0.83 | 3.79 ± 0.83 |
| Il-1β | 8.21 ± 1.92 | 7.30 ± 1.01 | 7.79 ± 1.17 |
| IL-1RA | 3.48 ± 0.72 | 3.70 ± 0.49 | 3.66 ± 0.71 |
| IL-2 | 1.28 ± 0.39 | 1.19 ± 0.21 | 1.01 ± 0.11 |
| IL-4 | 3.74 ± 2.29 | 4.12 ± 1.89 | 3.57 ± 1.48 |
| IL-5 | 4.39 ± 0.80 | 3.60 ± 0.33 | 3.96 ± 0.42 |
| IL-6 | 1.99 ± 1.01 | 2.07 ± 0.55 | 1.62 ± 0.46 |
| IL-7 | 2.59 ± 0.40 | 2.97 ± 0.26 | 2.81 ± 0.29 |
| IL-8 | 3.23 ± 0.51 | 3.71 ± 0.38 | 3.55 ± 0.38 |
| IL-9 | 32.7 ± 9.8 | 24.6 ± 4.7 | 29.8 ± 5.4 |
| IL-10 | 7.65 ± 1.72 | 8.46 ± 1.16 | 7.75 ± 1.12 |
| IL-12p70 3 | 7.27 ± 2.59 A | 5.04 ± 0.76 AB | 3.96 ± 0.46 B |
| IL-13 3,4 | 52.7 ± 14.3 A | 28.9 ± 5.8 B | 23.1 ± 4.3 B |
| IL-17A | 5.88 ± 1.73 | 6.30 ± 1.18 | 5.65 ± 1.09 |
| TNF-α | 24.3 ± 3.70 | 20.5 ± 2.19 | 18.9 ± 2.08 |
| Fecal calprotectin | 22.2 ± 7.6 | 31.9 ± 4.7 | 27.8 ± 4.6 |
| Fecal lactoferrin 3 | 0.09 ± 0.03 B | 0.23 ± 0.05 A | 0.15 ± 0.02 B |
1 All IL-3 baseline values were below LOQ. 2 Inflammatory marker concentrations are reported as the mean ± standard error (n = 14 for baseline; n = 42 for intervention and washout phases). Concentrations are reported as pg/mL except for fecal calprotectin and fecal lactoferrin, which are reported as μg/mL. 3 IL-12p70, IL-13, and fecal lactoferrin concentrations differed significantly by study phase. Inflammatory marker concentrations that do not have shared superscript capital letters following the reported mean ± SEM values indicate statistically significant differences in marker based on study stage (repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc; p-value < 0.05). 4 IL-13 was the only marker to show a significant difference by week; weeks 5 and 6 were significantly reduced relative to the others (p-value = 0.0071).