. 2023 Sep 19;15(18):4058. doi: 10.3390/nu15184058

Table 1.

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of adults/elderly patients with and without steatosis. MICOL Cohort (n = 1483).

Parameters *	Total Cohort	Adults (n = 726)		p ^{^}	Elderly (n = 757)		p ^{^}	p ^†	p ^¥
		Steatosis			Steatosis
		No (n = 320)	Yes (n = 406)		No (n = 334)	Yes (n = 423)
Gender (M) (%)	849 (57.25)	140 (43.75)	269 (66.26)	<0.001 ^Ψ	191 (57.19)	249 (58.87)	0.64 ^Ψ	0.01 ^α	0.03 ^β
Age (yrs)	64.32 ± 11.35	53.48 ± 6.20	55.63 ± 6.32	<0.0001	74.55 ± 6.51	72.79 ± 5.93	0.0002	<0.0001	<0.0001
Degree of Education (%)				0.01 ^Ψ			0.31 ^Ψ	<0.001 ^α	<0.001 ^β
None	428 (30.70)	18 (6.21)	42 (11.54)		172 (52.44)	196 (47.57)
Elementary School	427 (30.63)	110 (37.93)	156 (42.86)		61 (18.60)	100 (24.27)
Secondary School	345 (23.75)	122 (42.07)	131 (35.99)		43 (13.11)	49 (11.89)
High School	100 (7.17)	40 (13.79)	33 (9.07)		14 (4.27)	13 (3.16)
Short Degree	94 (6.74)	0 (0.00)	2 (0.55)		38 (11.59)	54 (13.11)
Smoking Habit (Yes) (%)	192 (13.73)	53 (18.34)	69 (18.80)	0.88 ^Ψ	40 (12.20)	30 (7.25)	0.02 ^Ψ	0.03 ^α	<0.001 ^β
BMI (Kg/m²)	28.43 ± 5.59	25.16 ± 3.46	29.73 ± 4.75	<0.0001	26.60 ± 4.04	31.10 ± 5.92	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.0001
Diabetes (Yes) (%)	149 (13.01)	6 (3.17)	18 (7.86)	0.04 ^Ψ	39 (12.15)	86 (21.18)	0.001 ^Ψ	0.01 ^α	<0.001 ^β
Hypertension (Yes) (%)	619 (53.97)	44 (23.04)	103 (44.98)	<0.001 ^Ψ	194 (60.44)	278 (68.47)	0.02 ^Ψ	<0.001 ^α	<0.001 ^β
MetS (Yes) (%)	607 (40.93)	32 (10.00)	167 (41.13)	<0.001 ^Ψ	133 (39.82)	275 (65.01)	<0.001 ^Ψ	<0.001 ^α	<0.001 ^β
Blood Parameters
Glucose (mg/dL)	101.61 ± 25.52	90.12 ± 13.15	100.40 ± 22.05	<0.0001	100.32 ± 18.74	112.44 ± 34.52	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
Cholesterol (mg/mL)	191.96 ± 38.34	198.42 ± 36.03	199.36 ± 38.73	0.61	185.59 ± 39.12	184.99 ± 36.99	0.83	<0.0001	<0.0001
HDL (mg/dL)	49.50 ± 13.06	54.62 ± 13.21	46.48 ± 12.18	<0.0001	51.60 ± 13.60	46.91 ± 11.82	<0.0001	0.002	0.53
LDL (mg/dL)	122.90 ± 47.76	127.70 ± 32.15	128.86 ± 35.51	0.29	116.29 ± 32.25	117.13 ± 72.55	0.42	0.0001	<0.0001
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	107.24 ± 64.14	84.27 ± 49.31	122.24 ± 74.00	<0.0001	88.55 ± 44.51	124.91 ± 67.68	<0.0001	0.06	0.18
Insulin (U/L)	9.40 ± 23.01	6.72 ± 11.39	10.59 ± 6.91	<0.0001	8.86 ± 45.55	10.70 ± 8.13	<0.0001	0.71	0.73
HOMA-IR	2.52 ± 7.43	1.61 ± 3.98	2.72 ± 2.16	<0.0001	2.44 ± 14.55	3.09 ± 3.04	<0.0001	0.10	0.05
RBC (M/mcL)	4.87 ± 0.51	4.92 ± 0.46	5.06 ± 0.42	<0.0001	4.71 ± 0.56	4.79 ± 0.54	0.02	<0.0001	<0.0001
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	14.06 ± 1.52	14.17 ± 1.37	14.70 ± 1.39	<0.0001	13.54 ± 1.60	13.77 ± 1.45	0.03	<0.0001	<0.0001
HCT (%)	42.73 ± 3.45	42.10 ± 3.37	43.27 ± 3.37	<0.0001	42.99 ± 3.07	42.06 ± 4.43	0.41	0.25	0.10
MCV (fL)	85.78 ± 6.35	86.01 ± 6.97	85.66 ± 5.31	0.01	86.43 ± 8.33	84.56 ± 10.09	0.80	0.45	0.15
MCH (pg)	29.00 ± 2.43	28.91 ± 2.59	29.15 ± 2.15	0.33	28.69 ± 2.93	28.16 ± 3.58	0.70	0.88	0.37
MCHC (g/dL)	33.80 ± 1.18	33.60 ± 1.13	34.03 ± 1.20	<0.0001	33.20 ± 1.03	33.27 ± 0.90	0.86	0.24	0.0001
RDW-CV (%)	13.65 ± 1.16	13.61 ± 1.19	13.61 ± 1.07	0.54	14.12 ± 1.26	14.21 ± 1.68	0.86	0.04	0.05
Platelets (K/mcL)	227.28 ± 59.32	238.82 ± 55.54	237.86 ± 54.78	0.63	217.46 ± 65.95	216.09 ± 57.49	0.94	<0.0001	<0.0001
WBC (K/mcL)	6.05 ± 1.98	5.82 ± 2.53	6.33 ± 1.94	<0.0001	5.84 ± 1.61	6.13 ± 1.77	0.01	0.25	0.06
Neutrophils (%)	57.19 ± 8.40	57.20 ± 8.60	57.14 ± 8.29	0.83	57.61 ± 8.67	57.43 ± 8.21	0.88	0.83	0.98
Lymphocytes (%)	32.13 ± 7.97	32.19 ± 8.20	32.14 ± 7.89	0.95	30.69 ± 7.96	32.00 ± 6.98	0.55	0.44	0.86
Eosinophils (%)	2.88 ± 1.82	2.91 ± 1.82	2.86 ± 1.84	0.59	3.37 ± 2.01	2.63 ± 1.52	0.22	0.34	0.65
Monocytes (%)	7.28 ± 1.77	7.14 ± 1.73	7.36 ± 1.78	0.08	7.76 ± 1.43	7.45 ± 2.13	0.16	0.06	0.90
Basophils (%)	0.52 ± 0.30	0.55 ± 0.33	0.50 ± 0.27	0.08	0.57 ± 0.51	0.49 ± 0.19	0.67	0.54	0.58
Neutrophils (10³/µL)	3.51 ± 1.38	3.32 ± 1.16	3.66 ± 1.53	<0.0001	3.56 ± 0.97	3.56 ± 1.20	0.90	0.29	0.96
Lymphocytes (10³/µL)	1.96 ± 1.48	1.90 ± 2.02	2.02 ± 0.95	<0.0001	1.86 ± 0.51	1.94 ± 0.65	0.92	0.49	0.43
Monocytes (10³/µL)	0.44 ± 0.16	0.41 ± 0.16	0.46 ± 0.16	<0.0001	0.47 ± 0.10	0.45 ± 0.16	0.41	0.01	0.51
Eosinophils (10³/µL)	0.17 ± 0.13	0.16 ± 0.11	0.18 ± 0.14	0.08	0.21 ± 0.14	0.15 ± 0.08	0.31	0.19	0.48
Basophils (10³/µL)	0.03 ± 0.02	0.03 ± 0.02	0.03 ± 0.02	0.39	0.04 ± 0.05	0.03 ± 0.01	0.70	0.84	0.99
HbA1c (%)	37.03 ± 7.49	35.20 ± 6.23	38.44 ± 7.85	<0.0001	34.80 ± 5.48	38.90 ± 10.82	0.49	0.97	0.23
Fractional Total Bilirubinemia (mg/dL)	0.91 ± 0.35	0.73 ± 0.38	0.72 ± 0.35	0.87	0.63 ± 0.27	0.65 ± 0.34	0.70	0.07	0.01
Direct fractional bilirubinemia (mg/dL)	0.16 ± 0.05	0.16 ± 0.04	0.16 ± 0.05	0.48	0.16 ± 0.07	0.15 ± 0.05	0.69	0.59	0.09
Indirect Fractional Bilirubinemia (mg/dL)	0.49 ± 0.28	0.36 ± 0.06	0.38 ± 0.16	0.99	0.48 ± 0.25	0.51 ± 0.31	0.92	0.56	0.50
GOT (U/L)	22.92 ± 17.33	21.12 ± 5.12	23.13 ± 8.39	<0.0001	24.78 ± 32.84	22.60 ± 10.51	0.87	0.74	<0.0001
SGPT (U/L)	23.72 ± 16.84	20.90 ± 8.36	26.81 ± 12.89	<0.0001	22.41 ± 26.77	23.92 ± 14.18	<0.0001	0.002	<0.0001
GGT (U/I)	21.26 ± 20.19	17.71 ± 12.90	24.08 ± 24.41	<0.0001	19.54 ± 17.51	22.58 ± 21.69	0.0003	0.42	0.001
Albumin (%)	4.14 ± 0.26	4.14 ± 0.26	4.16 ± 0.27	0.53	4.09 ± 0.18	4.04 ± 0.27	0.70	0.46	0.07
Iron (mg/dL)	89.39 ± 30.54	89.87 ± 30.91	89.63 ± 30.83	0.86	77.47 ± 24.08	87.27 ± 25.37	0.21	0.20	0.97
Urea (mg/dL)	40.65 ± 15.77	37.13 ± 9.52	39.17 ± 9.00	0.03	42.90 ± 12.68	42.94 ± 24.07	0.31	<0.0001	0.001
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.82 ± 0.30	0.77 ± 0.41	0.81 ± 0.17	<0.0001	0.96 ± 0.36	0.87 ± 0.21	0.15	<0.0001	0.01
eGFR (mL/min)	84.78 ± 9.94	86.16 ± 9.28	84.55 ± 9.54	0.04	77.25 ± 15.99	81.35 ± 11.16	0.45	0.001	0.01
AAT (mg/dL)	183.50 ± 39.49	184.34 ± 39.55	184.17 ± 40.56	0.81	165.87 ± 33.47	174.97 ± 22.11	0.73	0.17	0.21
Folate (ng/mL)	8.49 ± 4.92	7.84 ± 3.74	7.34 ± 3.68	0.02	9.33 ± 5.65	9.43 ± 5.75	0.47	0.0005	<0.0001
Vitamin B12 (pg/mL)	363.85 ± 507.63	310.22 ± 139.38	331.03 ± 142.62	0.006	430.96 ± 734.27	382.69 ± 661.43	0.59	0.27	0.03
TSH (mUI/mL)	889.36 ± 141.83	1819.00 ± 1618.22	1670.66 ± 1542.16	0.17	72.63 ± 500.01	104.16 ± 514.36	0.26	<0.0001	<0.0001
FT3 (pg/mL)	3.31 ± 0.46	3.45 ± 0.42	3.53 ± 0.38	0.001	3.12 ± 0.43	3.15 ± 0.47	0.16	<0.0001	<0.0001
FT4 (ng/mL)	0.87 ± 0.28	0.83 ± 0.14	0.84 ± 0.14	0.45	0.89 ± 0.160	0.90 ± 0.47	0.13	<0.0001	0.001
CRP (mg/L)	0.26 ± 0.50	0.18 ± 0.26	0.32 ± 0.60	<0.0001	0.12 ± 0.05	0.37 ± 0.73	0.05	0.75	0.91

* As mean and standard deviation for continuous variables, and as frequency and percentage (%) for categorical variables. ^{^} Wilcoxon rank-sum test (Mann–Whitney), ^Ψ chi-square test, or Fisher’s test, where necessary. ^† Wilcoxon rank-sum test (Mann–Whitney) between adults and the elderly without steatosis; ^¥ Wilcoxon rank-sum test (Mann–Whitney) between adults and the elderly with steatosis; ^α chi-square or Fisher’s test, where necessary, between adults and the elderly without steatosis; ^β chi-square or Fisher’s test, where necessary, in adults and the elderly with steatosis. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MeS, metabolic syndrome; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance; RBC, red blood cell; HCT, hematocrit (he-MAT-uh-krit); MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; RDW-CV, red cell distribution width; WBC, white blood cells; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; GOT, aspartate aminotransferase; SGPT, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; AAT, alpha-1-antitrypsin; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone; FT3, triiodothyronine free; FT4, thyroxine; CRP, C-reactive protein.