Table 1.
Pooled mean concentration values and mean/range values of non-regulated mycotoxins based on worldwide occurrence in 2018–2022.
| Mean Contamination 1 and (or) Mean Range 2 μg/kg(L) | Alternaria | ENNs | BEA | MON | DAS | NIV | STC | NEO | FX | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOH | AME | TeA | TEN | ENNA | ENNA1 | ENNB | ENNB1 | ||||||||
| Grains and grain-based products | 118.49 | 101.77 | 1178.59 | 2.5 | 6.78 | 12.32 | 118.41 | 37.78 | 47.53 | 231.58 | 7.49 | 70.7 | 2.07 | 0.93 | 80.68 |
| 1.22–36.08 | 0.73–38.79 | 2.62–306.06 | 0.54–10.72 | 0.81–176.92 | 0.51–574.68 | 0.31–2667.24 | 0.38–1449 | 0.39–1.86 | 53.35–4175.7 | 0.02–0.04 | 0.26–50 | 2.8–50 | |||
| Vegetables and vegetable products | 4.17 | 2.7 | 73.83 | 3.13 | 4.1 | 1.06 | 0.73 | 7.74 | ND | ND | ND | 0.09 | 0.52 | ND | |
| 2–65.3 | 5.10–548.36 | 1.09–1.97 | 0.16–0.38 | 15–57 | 0.09–0.17 | ||||||||||
| Starchy roots or tubers and products thereof | ND | 0.37 | 0.49 | 0.16 | ND | ND | ND | 0.23 | ND | ND | |||||
| 0.11–2.41 | 0.2–0.41 | 0.15–1.07 | 0.21–1.63 | 0.12–0.44 | 1.21–2.58 | 0.10–0.13 | |||||||||
| Legumes, nuts, oilseeds and spices | 121.47 | 13.98 | 1399.21 | 64.47 | 1.15 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.78 | 5.61 | 0.22 | 25.74 | 3.61 | 1.43 | ND |
| 4.70–93.27 | 5.50–29.67 | 27.79–4678.62 | 4.17–42.6 | 0.26–1.26 | 0.22–0.29 | 1.54–6.49 | 0.14–0.73 | 0.32–5.46 | 0.07–1.37 | ||||||
| Fruit and fruit products | 2.95 | 1.32 | 44.3 | 0.98 | 044 | 0.71 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |||
| 1.05–43.68 | 2–47.8 | 5.13–365.99 | 1.05–7.52 | ||||||||||||
| Fish, seafood, amphibians, reptiles and invertebrates | ND | 0.38 | 0.98 | 3.17 | 0.20 | ND | 3.71 | ND | 0.04 | 0.21 | ND | ||||
| 0.17–0.38 | 0.38–0.68 | 0.18–2.77 | 0.22–0.89 | 0.32–1.02 | |||||||||||
| Milk and dairy products | ND | 2.38 | ND | 1.16; liquid: 1.13 | 1.61; liquid: 0.77 | 1.73; liquid: 0.63 | 1.73; liquid: 0.76 | 3.84; liquid: 0.52 | ND | ND | ND | 1.9 | ND | ND | |
| 1.75–2.53 | 0.16–6.31 | ||||||||||||||
| Eggs and egg products | ND | 0.72 | 7.01 | 1.8 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||||||
| 0.72–1.31 | 0.26–27.73 | 0.29–1.55 | 0.27–0.51 | 0.11–2.18 | 0.14–0.58 | 0.78–6.7 | |||||||||
| Sugar and similar confectionery and water-based sweet desserts | ND | 0.12 | ND | 0.12 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 6.92 |
| Animal and vegetable fats and oils and primary derivatives thereof | 231.83 | 78.03 | 19.75 | 0.78 | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | ND | ND | - | 2.92 | - | - |
| 2–2.4 | 2–3.9 | ||||||||||||||
| Fruit and vegetable juices and nectars (including concentrates) | 1.71 | ND | 4.26 | ND | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Water and water-based beverages | ND | 0.16 | 0.58 ng/L | 0.51 ng/L | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |||||
| Alcoholic beverages | 23.29 | 21.03 | 0.16 | 13.8 | 0.62 | 2.24 | ND | ND | 4.62 | 18 | 14.82 | 167 | |||
| 2.26–17.62 | 0.15–0.67 | ||||||||||||||
| Coffee, cocoa, tea and infusions | 11.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ND | ND | 0.08 | - | ND | |||
| <3 | <1.3 | <1.3 | 0.13–4.48 | ||||||||||||
| Foods for infants and children | 1.26 | 0.58; breast milk: 3.98 ng/L | 22.7 | 0.96 | 2.13; breast milk: 0.5 ng/L | 0.53; breast milk: 0.9 ng/L | 1.83; breast milk: 4.38 ng/L | 0.93; breast milk: 0.56 ng/L | 1.85; breast milk: 3.88 ng/L | 64.24 | ND | 17.65 | 0.16; breast milk: 1.2 ng/L | - | ND |
| 0.4–2 | breast milk: 4–9 ng/L | breast milk: 11–19 ng/L | 16–19.5 | 0.1–0.2 | |||||||||||
| Products for non-standard diets, food imitates and food supplements | 92.6; liquid: 0.21 | 207.5 | ND | liquid: 21.3 | 323.8; liquid: 1.64 | 67.3; liquid: 1.53 | 138.4; liquid: 13.40 | 121.2; liquid: 8.22 | liquid: 1.4 | 11.2 | ND | ND | ND | - | |
| Composite dishes | 2.1 | ND | 114 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.4 | 165 | ND | 16.4 | 0.43 | - | - |
| Seasoning, sauces and condiments | - | - | - | - | ND | ND | ND | 12.0 | 37.9 | - | ND | - | 0.08 | - | - |
| Major isolated ingredients, additives, flavors, baking and processing aids | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | - | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
1: mean contamination value; 2: mean contamination range for the studies which do not provide the mean value and the original data; ND: not detected.; -: not analyzed; blank spaces—if a mean value was provided then the cells for the contamination range values were left in blank and vice versa; AOH = alternariol; AME = alternariol methyl ether: TeA = tenuaszonic acid; TEN = tentoxin; BEA = besauvericin; ENNs = enniatins; DAS = diacetoxyscirpenol; NIV = nivalenol; FX = fusarenon X; NEO = neosolaniol; STC = sterigmatocystin; MON = moniliformin.