Table 2.

Descriptive summary of item selection.

Authors	Type of Study	Object	Study Design and Timeline	Results	Number of Participants	nn
Duraisamy et al., 2021 [39]	Randomized controlled trial	After 15 days of daily consumption of probiotic and synbiotic curd, this study seeks to determine how well PBs and synbiotics inhibit the level of S. mutans in children’s saliva.	40 children aged 6–12 received probiotic and synbiotic curd for 15 days, saliva samples collected, and S. mutans levels estimated.	Both groups showed significant decrease in salivary S. mutans counts, with probiotic group showing higher growth inhibition.
Sarmento et al., 2019 [32]	Clinical study	Evaluate the impact of petit-suisse cheese added with PBs on the salivary microbiota of children	Administration of cheese fortified with L. casei for 28 days and subsequent evaluation of saliva	The probiotic microorganisms that can be carried by the petit-suisse cheese have been developed, offering a potential substitute for reducing potentially harmful microbiota in the mouth
Janiani et al., 2022 [38]	Randomized controlled trial	To investigate the impact of a brief intake of probiotic milk on children’s plaque scores and salivary number of S. mutans	Administration of PBs for one week to 34 children aged 3 to 6 years, final comparison with control group	There was a very important reduction in S. mutans in saliva with karyostatic effect after probiotic intake, but no known long-term effects	34
Invernici et al., 2020 [33]	Randomized clinical trial	Evaluate the effects of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 on clinical periodontal parameters, immunocompetence, and saliva immunological properties.	Scaling and root planing (SRP) was performed on thirty patients, and they were observed at the beginning, at 30, and at 90 days. Probiotic lozenges were administered to the participants for 30 days in either the Test or Control groups.	The probiotic B. lactis HN019 may enhance the results of non-surgical periodontal therapy	30
Lee et al., 2021 [34]	Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study	The purpose of this research was to determine how taking tablets of the oral probiotic Weissella cibaria (W. cibaria) affected psychosocial indicators and halitosis.	Random selection was used to place the participants in either the experimental or control groups. Depending on which group they belonged to, they consumed W. cibaria CMU or a placebo just before going to sleep every day for eight weeks.	For eight weeks, taking the oral probiotic could be a helpful nursing intervention for halitosis reduction and quality-of-life enhancement in relation to oral health	100
Staszczyk et al., 2022 [35]	Open Label Randomized Controlled Trial	Determine if chewing tablets containing thermally inactivated L. salivarius decreased the 12-month caries increase relative to the control group after two weeks of daily ingestion.	A study involving 140 healthy children aged 3–6 with or without ECC was conducted. The primary end measure was the 1-year increase in dental caries incidence and prevalence, while secondary outcomes included cavitated and apparent dentinal caries and dental plaque buildup	The probiotic group’s initial and end mean OHI-S scores did not significantly differ from one another. In conclusion, consistent short-term consumption of PBs may slow the onset of caries.	140
Laleman et al., 2020 [40]	Randomized controlled clinical trial	To investigate the supplemental impact of a probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri strain on the re-instrumentation of residual pockets.	39 periodontitis patients underwent re-instrumentation, probiotic or placebo drops administered, and lozenges for 12 weeks. Examined probing pocket depth, recession, bleeding on probing, and plaque levels	Probiotic lozenges significantly reduced overall PPD after 24 weeks, especially in intermediate and deep pockets, with fewer surgically necessary sites and pockets. The group reduced thickness from 4 mm to 3 mm at 24 weeks.	39
Santana et al., 2022 [37]	Randomized controlled trial	Check the effects of a multispecies probiotic supplemented with mechanical debridement (MD) on changes in BOP in edentulous patients with peri-implant mucositis (PiM). The supplement contains Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001TM, Lactobacillus paracasei Lpc-37®, and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019TM.	Patients were randomly assigned to probiotic test or placebo control groups. MD and topical gel applications were applied twice daily for 12 weeks. Clinical and immunological measurements were taken at baseline, 12, and 24 weeks. Statistical analysis was used.		36
Laleman et al., 2019 [36]	Randomized pilot study	Analyze the clinical and microbiological advantages of a dual-strain probiotic of L. reuteri for the non-surgical treatment of first peri-implantitis.	Patients with peri-implantitis underwent full-mouth prophylaxis and cleaned sites. Study lozenges and drops were applied to peri-implantitis areas, with probiotics and placebos given. Implant-level variables, bleeding, PPD, full-mouth bleeding, plaque scores, and subgingival, tongue, and saliva samples were analyzed for microbes.	statistically significant difference. After 12 and 24 weeks, clinical measures showed significant decreases. The probiotic group experienced a greater decline in plaque levels at implant level, while the probiotic group had a larger reduction in full-mouth BOP sites. No measurable microbiological changes were observed.	10
Schlagenhauf et al., 2020 [41]	Randomized controlled trial	The purpose of this trial was to establish if the regular consumption of L. reuteri PBs can help periodontal health and oral health in navy sailors.	A 42-day study involved 72 healthy sailors in two groups: the test group, who consumed probiotic strains of L. reuteri twice daily, and the placebo group, who received no PBs. Primary outcome was bone marrow opacity.	Probiotic L. reuteri strains consumption significantly improved test group scores at 14 and 42 days, proving a practical and easy method for maintaining periodontal health and oral care.	72
Kang et al., 2020 [31]	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of W. cibaria CMU (oraCMU)on periodontal health and oral microbiota	92 adults (20–39 years old) without periodontitis underwent dental scaling and root planing and were randomized to either the probiotic or placebo groups. When taken once daily for eight weeks, the 800 mg probiotic tablet delivered 1.0 108 CFU/g of W. cibaria CMU (oraCMU). BOP, PD, GI, plaque index (PI), and microbiota in the gingival sulcus were all examined as periodontal clinical parameters.	Over an 8-week period, BOP improved more in the probiotic group. During the intervention, no discernible inter-group differences in PD, GI, or PI were found. The probiotic group was found to have fewer oral bacteria. At 8 weeks, there was a significant difference between the two groups in the levels of Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. Nucleatum) and Staphylococcus aureus. For patients with periodontitis, CMU enhances BOP and the oral environment.	92
Hasslof et al., 2022 [30]	Randomized controlled trial	To assess the impact of drops containing probiotic bacteria on dental caries recurrence in preschoolers	38 preschoolers were enrolled after receiving extensive restorative care while sedated or under general anesthesia, and they were monitored again at 6 and 12 months. Parents of kids in the test group were told to put 5 drops of two strains of L. reuteri in their children’s mouths at bedtime each day.	There were no notable variations between the groups.	38