Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants with breast cancer and controls (n = 582) 1.
| Characteristics | Control (n = 297) | Case (n = 285) | p 2 | OR (95% CI) 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and clinical characters | ||||
| Age | 50.5 ± 12.1 | 55.7 ± 10.2 | <0.001 | |
| Education (year) | ||||
| >12 | 222 (75.0) | 158 (55.4) | 1 | |
| ≤12 | 74 (25.0) | 127 (44.6) | <0.001 | 2.41 (1.70–3.43) |
| Marriage status | ||||
| Unmarried or other | 114 (38.4) | 79 (27.7) | 1 | |
| married | 183 (61.6) | 206 (72.3) | 0.006 | 1.62 (1.15–2.30) |
| Family history of breast cancer | ||||
| No | 248 (83.5) | 241 (84.6) | 1 | |
| Yes | 49 (16.5) | 44 (15.4) | 0.727 | 0.92 (0.59–1.44) |
| Smokers | ||||
| No | 287 (96.6) | 263 (92.3) | 1 | |
| Yes | 10 (3.4) | 22 (7.7) | 0.021 | 2.40 (1.12–5.16) |
| Alcohol drinking | ||||
| No | 285 (96.0) | 264 (92.6) | 1 | |
| Yes | 12 (4.0) | 21 (7.4) | 0.083 | 1.89 (0.91–3.92) |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Yes | 160 (53.9) | 116 (40.7) | 1 | |
| No | 137 (46.1) | 169 (59.3) | 0.001 | 1.70 (1.23–2.36) |
| Weight | 55.8 ± 9.1 | 58.9 ± 10.1 | <0.001 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| <23.0 | 188 (63.5) | 144 (50.5) | 1 | |
| 23.0–27.5 | 84 (28.4) | 91 (31.9) | 1.41 (0.98–2.04) | |
| ≥ 27.5 | 24 (8.1) | 50 (17.5) | 0.001 | 2.72 (1.60–4.63) |
| Age at menarche (year) | ||||
| >12 | 267 (90.2) | 250 (87.7) | 1 | |
| ≤12 | 29 (9.8) | 35 (12.3) | 0.339 | 1.29 (0.77–2.17) |
| Oral contraceptive | ||||
| No | 185 (94.9) | 218 (93.6) | 1 | |
| Yes | 9 (4.6) | 10 (4.3) | 0.356 | 0.87(0.37–2.33) |
| Menopausal status | ||||
| Pre-menopausal | 184 (62.0) | 134 (47.0) | 1 | |
| Post-menopausal | 113 (38.0) | 151 (53.0) | <0.001 | 1.84(1.32–2.55) |
| Menopausal status × BMI | ||||
| Pre-menopausal × BMI < 27.5 | 172 (58.1) | 120 (42.1) | 1 | |
| Pre-menopausal × BMI ≥ 27.5 | 12 (4.1) | 14 (4.9) | 1.67(0.75–3.74) | |
| Post-menopausal × BMI < 27.5 | 100 (33.8) | 115 (40.4) | 1.65(1.16–2.35) | |
| Post-menopausal × BMI ≥ 27.5 | 12 (4.1) | 36 (12.6) | <0.001 | 4.30(2.15–8.60) |
| Receptor type | ||||
| ER+, HER2+ | 27 (11.3) | |||
| ER+, HER2− | 172 (72.0) | |||
| ER−, HER2+ | 21 (8.8) | |||
| ER−, HER2− | 19 (7.9) | |||
| Blood lipid | ||||
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 96.1 ± 49.9 | 115.6 ± 78.9 | <0.001 | |
| <150 | 259 (87.5) | 230 (80.7) | 1 | |
| ≥150 | 37 (12.5) | 55 (19.3) | 0.025 | 1.67(1.06–2.63) |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 188.5 ± 39.1 | 189.4 ± 37.8 | 0.776 | |
| <200 | 190 (64.2) | 192 (67.4) | 1 | |
| ≥200 | 106 (35.8) | 93 (32.6) | 0.420 | 0.87(0.62–1.22) |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 58.4 ± 12.5 | 54.5 ± 12.0 | <0.001 | |
| ≥40 | 283 (95.6) | 260 (91.2) | 1 | |
| <40 | 13 (4.4) | 25 (8.8) | 0.033 | 2.09(1.05–4.18) |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 111.4 ± 33.1 | 113.2 ± 31.4 | 0.495 | |
| <130 | 217 (73.3) | 202 (70.9) | 1 | |
| ≥130 | 79 (26.7) | 83 (29.1) | 0.513 | 1.13(0.79–1.62) |
| Nutrient intakes 4 | ||||
| Total Energy (kcal/day) | 1365.2 ± 496.0 | 1362.3 ± 403.5 | 0.939 | |
| Protein (g/day) | 51.4 ± 23.9 | 47.9 ± 15.0 | 0.021 |
Abbreviation: OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; ER+, estrogen receptor positive; ER−, estrogen receptor negative; PR+, progesterone receptor positive; PR−, progesterone receptor negative. 1 Data are presented as mean standard deviation or n (%). 2 Chi-square or student t-test were used to investigate the differences between cases and control groups. 3 Crude OR was performed with a simple logistic regression analysis. 4 Macronutrient distribution is expressed as % of energy.