Table 1. Nonweighted Cohort Characteristicsa.
| Characteristic | No. (%) | SMD (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control (n = 19 104) | Treatment (n = 24 573) | ||
| Sex | |||
| Male | 6827 (35.7) | 7965 (32.4) | 0.070 (0.051 to 0.089) |
| Female | 12 277 (64.3) | 16 608 (67.6) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 14.66 (2.06) | 15.12 (1.72) | 0.240 (0.223 to 0.260) |
| Parental educational level | |||
| Primary school | 926 (4.8) | 855 (3.5) | 0.150 (0.130 to 0.168) |
| High school | 8081 (42.3) | 10 433 (42.5) | |
| University | 9197 (48.1) | 12 698 (51.7) | |
| Unknown | 900 (4.7) | 587 (2.4) | |
| Family income percentile | |||
| <20 | 1364 (7.1) | 1365 (5.6) | 0.153 (0.134 to 0.172) |
| 20-80 | 12 520 (65.5) | 16 152 (65.7) | |
| >80 | 4241 (22.2) | 6367 (25.9) | |
| Unknown | 979 (5.1) | 689 (2.8) | |
| Diagnosis year, mean (SD) | 2013.89 (3.71) | 2014.06 (3.70) | 0.047 (0.029 to 0.066) |
| Source of diagnosis | |||
| Outpatient | 17 422 (91.2) | 22 819 (92.9) | 0.071 (0.052 to 0.089) |
| Inpatient | 1432 (7.5) | 1566 (6.4) | |
| Unknown | 250 (1.3) | 188 (0.8) | |
| Parental bipolar disorder | |||
| No | 17 562 (91.9) | 23 021 (93.7) | 0.104 (0.085 to 0.123) |
| Yes | 804 (4.2) | 1035 (4.2) | |
| Unknown | 738 (3.9) | 517 (2.1) | |
| Parental depression | |||
| No | 15 742 (82.4) | 20 689 (84.2) | 0.104 (0.085 to 0.123) |
| Yes | 2623 (13.7) | 3368 (13.7) | |
| Unknown | 739 (3.9) | 516 (2.1) | |
| Prior hospitalizations | |||
| 0 | 16 655 (87.2) | 20 801 (84.6) | 0.078 (0.059 to 0.097) |
| 1 | 1862 (9.7) | 2887 (11.7) | |
| 2 or 3 | 475 (2.5) | 767 (3.1) | |
| ≥4 | 112 (0.6) | 118 (0.5) | |
| Diagnoses | |||
| Anxiety disorder | 4898 (25.6) | 8035 (32.7) | 0.156 (0.137 to 0.175) |
| Eating disorder | 1361 (7.1) | 1962 (8.0) | 0.033 (0.014 to 0.051) |
| Personality disorder | 240 (1.3) | 320 (1.3) | 0.004 (−0.015 to 0.023) |
| ADHD | 2908 (15.2) | 3317 (13.5) | 0.049 (0.030 to 0.068) |
| Developmental disorder | 1683 (8.8) | 2125 (8.6) | 0.006 (−0.013 to 0.025) |
| Autism spectrum disorder | 795 (4.2) | 1626 (6.6) | 0.109 (0.090 to 0.128) |
| Conduct disorder | 549 (2.9) | 574 (2.3) | 0.034 (0.015 to 0.053) |
| Alcohol use disorder | 431 (2.3) | 467 (1.9) | 0.025 (0.006 to 0.044) |
| Drug use disorder | 444 (2.3) | 410 (1.7) | 0.047 (0.028 to 0.066) |
| Poisoning by drugs | 1061 (5.6) | 1066 (4.3) | 0.056 (0.037 to 0.075) |
| Alcohol poisoning | 33 (0.2) | 32 (0.1) | 0.011 (0.037 to 0.075) |
| Suicidal behavior | 1323 (6.9) | 1418 (5.8) | 0.047 (0.028 to 0.066) |
| Medications | |||
| Antipsychotics | 294 (1.5) | 631 (2.6) | 0.073 (0.054 to 0.092) |
| Hypnotics/sedatives | 4365 (22.8) | 11 538 (47.0) | 0.523 (0.503 to 0.542) |
| Benzodiazepines | 40 (0.2) | 164 (0.7) | 0.069 (0.050 to 0.088) |
| Antiepileptics | 249 (1.3) | 198 (0.8) | 0.049 (0.030 to 0.068) |
| Opioids | 171 (0.9) | 241 (1.0) | 0.009 (−0.010 to 0.028) |
| Stimulants | 1719 (9.0) | 2017 (8.2) | 0.028 (0.009 to 0.047) |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; SMD, absolute standardized mean difference.
a
The inverse probability of treatment-weighted cohort characteristics are available in eTable 4 in Supplement 1.