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. 2023 Sep 15;16(9):1306. doi: 10.3390/ph16091306

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Modulation of reactive immune system in AD mouse brains treated with Nosustrophine. Comparative photomicrographs showing representative brain regions of 3–9-month-old 3xTg-AD mouse brain sections immunostained for the lymphocyte marker CD11b. Images are presented according to the age group. (A–D) Images are shown based on the age group. Images of the interior neocortical and hippocampus layers of 3xTg-AD transgenic mice depicting the increasing accumulation of CD11b-immunoreactive cells as an inflammatory response. In contrast, Nosustrophine-treated 3xTg-AD transgenic mice exhibit a low density of CD11b-immunoreactive cells at early and late phases of brain development; (E) nosustrophine-treated wild-type mice’s control brain slice, demonstrating no negative effects; (F) anatomical image of the control brain of 3xTg-AD transgenic mice demonstrating the abundance of inflammatory CD11b-immunoreactive cells in the damaged brain regions. Scale bar: 100 μm.