Table 2.

Multivariable adjusted associations of pre-frailty status and physical function measures and risk of incident heart failure.

Covariate	Model 1		Model 2
	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value
Prefrailty (ref: robust)	1.73 (1.30, 2.31)	<0.001	1.65 (1.24, 2.20)	<0.001
SPPB (per 1-unit decrease)	1.12 (1.06, 1.18)	<0.001	1.11 (1.05, 1.16)	<0.001
Grip strength (per 1SD decrease)	1.33 (1.10, 1.60)	0.002	1.26 (1.04, 1.53)	0.02
4M Walk time (per 1SD increase)	1.14 (1.03, 1.25)	0.005	1.12 (1.01, 1.23)	0.03

Baseline covariates = age, sex, race, education level, income, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, hypertension, smoking status, cardiovascular disease, diabetes status, statin medication, eGFR, HDL-c, and HbA1c levels.

Model 1 = baseline covariates + exposure variable of interest (grip strength, 4M walk time, prefrailty, or SPPB score each in a separate model)

Model 2 = baseline covariates + hs-cTn + NT-proBNP + exposure variable of interest (grip strength, 4M walk time, prefrailty, or SPPB score each in a separate model)

Abbreviations:

CI, confidence interval; HF, heart failure; HR, hazard ratio; hs-cTn, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-hormone B-type natriuretic peptide; SD, standard deviation; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery