Table 3.

Multivariable adjusted associations of pre-frailty status and physical function measures and risk of incident heart failure subtypes: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).

	HFrEF (N = 102 events)				HFpEF (N = 97 events)
Covariate	Model 1		Model 2		Model 1		Model 2
	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value
Prefrailty (ref: robust)	1.45 (0.95, 2.21)	0.09	1.38 (0.90, 2.10)	0.14	1.81 (1.16, 2.83)	0.009	1.73 (1.11, 2.70)	0.02
SPPB (per 1-unit decrease)	1.09 (1.01, 1.18)	0.03	1.08 (0.99, 1.70)	0.07	1.13 (1.04, 1.22)	0.003	1.12 (1.03, 1.21)	0.006
Grip strength (per 1SD decrease)	1.39 (1.05, 1.83)	0.02	1.32 (0.99, 1.74)	0.06	1.37 (1.01, 1.85)	0.04	1.32 (0.97, 1.79)	0.08
4M Walk time (per 1SD increase)	1.04 (0.86, 1.25)	0.68	1.01 (0.83, 1.23)	0.91	1.20 (1.05, 1.38)	0.008	1.19 (1.04, 1.36)	0.01

Baseline covariates = age, sex, race, education level, income, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, hypertension, smoking status, cardiovascular disease, diabetes status, statin medication, eGFR, HDL-c, and HbA1c levels.

Model 1 = baseline covariates + exposure variable of interest (grip strength, 4M walk time, prefrailty, or SPPB score each in a separate model)

Model 2 = baseline covariates + hs-cTn + NT-proBNP + exposure variable of interest (grip strength, 4M walk time, prefrailty, or SPPB score each in a separate model)

Abbreviations:

CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; hs-cTn, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-hormone B-type natriuretic peptide; SD, standard deviation; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery