Table 4.
Summary of the analyses performed on breast milk.
| Analysis | Sample Matrix | Volume Collected | Analysis | Analytical Technique | Laboratory | Methodology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Macronutrients and fat-soluble vitamins | Breast milk | 7.2 mL | Untargeted | NIR analysis | University of California Davis, United States |
[46] (Smilowitz et al., 2014) |
| LC-MS/MS | [47] (Hampel, Dror and Allen, 2018) | |||||
| Water-soluble vitamins | LC-MS/MS | [47] (Hampel, Dror and Allen, 2018) | ||||
| UPLC-MS/MS | [48] (Hampel, York and Allen, 2012) | |||||
| Automated immunoassay | [47] (Hampel, Dror and Allen, 2018) | |||||
| Minerals | ICP-MS | [47] (Hampel, Dror and Allen, 2018) | ||||
| HMOs | LC-MS/MS | Bode Lab, University of California San Diego, United States |
[49] (Kellman et al., 2022) | |||
| Proteins | ECL | [50] (Ju, Lai and Yan, 2017) | ||||
| Metabolomics | rLC-MS | Sapient Bioanalytics, United States |
[42] (Villar et al., 2022) | |||
| Proteomics | LC-MS/MS | Precision Biomarker Laboratories, United States |
[45] (Mc Ardle et al., 2022) | |||
| Microbiome | 16S rRNA | Baylor College of Medicine, Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, United States |
[51] (Ramani et al., 2018) | |||
| Metabolomics (small molecules) | Targeted | LC-MS/MS | Biocrates, Innsbruck, Austria |
[52] (Langsdorf et al., 2023) | ||
| Metabolomics (lipids and hexoses) | Targeted | FIA-MS/MS | Biocrates, Innsbruck, Austria |
[52] (Langsdorf et al., 2023) |
ECL, electrochemiluminescence; HMO, human milk oligosaccharide; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; ICP-MS, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; LC-MS, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry; NIR, near-infrared; QTRAP, quadrupole ion trap; rLC-MS, rapid liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry; rRNA, ribosomal RNA; UHPLC, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography.