Table 5.

Environmental contaminants investigated in the BioSpé study.

Analysis	Sample Matrix	Volume Collected	Analysis	Analytical Technique	Laboratory	Methodology
Telomere length and mitochondrial DNA content	Whole arterial blood from umbilical cord	200 μL	Targeted	Real-time PCR method	Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Belgium	[68,69,70,71,72] (Cawthon, 2002, 2009; Janssen et al., 2012; Martens et al., 2016, 2020)
Black carbon particles	Whole arterial blood from umbilical cord	250 μL	Targeted	Confocal microscopy	Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Belgium	[73,74] (Saenen et al., 2017; Bové et al., 2019)
Mycotoxins	Capillary whole blood	20 μL VAMS	Targeted	LC-MS/MS	Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium	[23] (Vidal et al., 2021)
Pesticides	Urine	4 mL	Targeted	LC-MS/MS	Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium	[75,76] (Gys et al., 2020; Caballero-Casero et al., 2021)
New/emerging contaminants			Untargeted	LC-HRMS
Multiple Infection Targets	Feces	1.8 mL	Targeted	TAC analysis	Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso	[77,78] (Liu et al., 2014; Deboer et al., 2018)
Calprotectin	Feces	1.8 mL	Targeted	ELISA	Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso	[79] (Whitehead et al., 2013)
Short-chain fatty acids	Feces	1.8 mL	Targeted	GC-FID	Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium	[80] (Toe et al., 2020)

ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GC-FID, gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector; LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry; LC-HRMS: liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; TAC, TaqMan array card; VAMS, volumetric absorptive microsampling.