Table 4.

The results of our review on neurological side effects.

References	N° Cases	Age/Sex	Energy Drink (If Applicable) or Substances	Major Pathologies	Onset	Adverse Event
Casas-Gomez et al., 2018 [74]	1	22/M	ED	N/A	Ingestion of 20 cans of 250 cc of an ED in 24 h because he was worried about flying.	Maniac episode.
Calabrò et al., 2012 [75]	1	20/M	Red Bull	N/A	Consumed 4 to 6 cans of Red Bull a day for about 5 months before onset of seizures.	Tonic–clonic seizure.
Cerimele et al., 2010 [76]	1	43/M	ED	Schizophrenia, paranoid type, and alcohol dependence in remission	Consumption of energy drinks 8 weeks prior to presentation. After drinking his first can of the drink, he decided to increase his daily consumption to 8 to 10 cans (16 oz per can) a day.	Paranoia, internal preoccupations, constricted affect, and delusional religious beliefs.
Cruzado et al., 2014 [77]	1	31/F	Energy drink Magnus Omnilife products (each ration contains 81 mg of caffeine, 202 mg of taurine and 151 mg of glycine).	N/A	Increase consumption of filtered coffee from 2 to 5 cups a day and drink 3 to 4 rations of the Magnus Omnilife Products energy drink a day. After a few days, up to 10 daily portions of the energy drink (in addition to the five cups of filtered coffee per day).	Delusional ideas of grandeur, auditory hallucinations, and lacked awareness of disease manic syndrome.
Gorgulu et al., 2014 [78]	1	21/M	ED + vodka	N/A	Regularly consumed one or two energy drinks a day in order to be more energetic during his training, sometimes drank energy drink in combination with a small amount of vodka.	Hallucinations, disorganized behavior, excitation, persecution, mystic and grandious delusions.
Grant et al., 2016 [79]	1	44/F	Monster Energy drink	N/A	Consumption of five oversized cans (16 oz/can) of Monster Energy drink (totalling 800 mg of caffeine)	Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage complicated by severe catheter-induced vasospasm and symptomatic thromboembolism.
Gupta et al., 2019 [80]	1	34/F	Multiple ED	N/A	Consumption multiple energy drinks before onset.	Macular neuroretinopathy (AMN)
Hernandez-Huerta et al., 2017 [81]	1	18/M	ED + cannabis	Daily use of tobacco, daily use of cannabis. A paternal uncle had an unspecified chronic mental illness.	Consumption of 6 ED cans (80 mg caffeine per can) per day during in the last seven days before onset.	Psychotic disorder
Iyadurai et Chung 2007 [82]	4	25/M	Rockstar energy	N/A	Drink two 24 oz bottles of Rockstar energy drink on an empty stomach about 30 to 60 min before the seizure.	Tonic–clonic seizure
		19/M	ED	Complex migraine	Ingestion of energy drinks on an empty stomach approximately 2 h prior to each ‘‘seizure’’ episode.	Tonic–clonic seizure
		28/F	Monster energy + diet pills	Migraine	Regular consumption of an energy drink (Monster).	Tonic–clonic seizure
		26/M	Monster energy	N/A	Ingestion of more than 2 24 oz cans before onset.	Tonic–clonic seizure
Kelsey et al., 2019 [83]	1	30/M	Red Bull + alcohol	One episode of low mood 12 years prior, and one deliberate over-dose a year later.	Consumed up to twelve 250 mL cans of Red Bull per day. Consumed 7 units of alcohol on the day of arrest.	Agitation and anxiety
Laiseca et al., 2018 [84]	1	8/M	Monster energy	N/A	Ingestion of energy drinks in the previous week (500-mL cans of Monster Energy).	Rolandic epilepsy
Menkes, 2011 [85]	1	27/M	Demon Shot energy drink	Obesity (125 kg), schizophrenia	Consumed a 60 mL Demon Shot energy drink and enjoyed an hour-long “buzz”. Repeating the dose did not produce the desired effect. One week later, three shots over 15 min.	Transient psychotic
Norelli et Xu, 2014 [86]	2	23/M	Red Ginseng drink	N/A	Consumption of seven times the recommended dose of ginseng every day for months.	Manic psychosis
		79/M	Red Ginseng drink	Substance-induced hypomanic episode	Ingestion of Korean red ginseng 3–4 times per day, everyday, during the two months prior the episode	Hypomanic psychosis
Pagano et al., 2017 [87]	1	48/M	ED	Hypertension	Consumption of three large cans (473 mL each) of an energy drink over 30–40 min before onset.	Deep intraretinal haemorrhages
Sharma, 2010 [88]	1	32/M	Red Bull	Occasional ‘mood swings’, alcohol abuse. Family history: post-partum depression and a case of suicide.	Consumption of 6–8 large cans (550 mL per can) a day during the week preceding his hospitalisation.	Substance-induced mood disorder with maniac features.
Staikoglou et al., 2022 [89]	1	14/M	ED	N/A	Consumption of 2 L of energy drink during the previous 10 h before onset.	Brain ischemia secondary to dissection of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
Trabulo et al., 2011 [90]	1	28/M	Red Bull	Heroin and cocaine abuse, chronic hepatitis C, severe mitral insufficiency and post-infectious endocarditis.	Ingestion of several cans (about 6) of Red Bull together with coffee in the 4 h before onset.	Clonic seizures + tonic clonic seizures
Yartsev et Peisah, 2021 [91]	1	35/M	Red Bull	Chronic schizophrenia, obesity (142 kg), childhood asthma, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, hypercholesterolaemia and impaired glucose tolerance	Consumption of energy drinks for weight loss, with daily caffeine consumption varying between 150 and 450 mg/day (between two and six 250 mL cans of Red Bull per day, with a caffeine concentration of 30 mg/100 mL).	Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic syndrome with diabetic ketoacidosis.