Al Yacoub et al., 2020 [63] |
1 |
62/F |
Sugar-free ED |
Small-cell left lung carcinoma. |
Consumption of five to six cans of a 16 fluid oz sugar-free ED daily. |
Acute kidney injury (AKI) |
Greene et al., 2014 [92] |
1 |
40/M |
Red Bull |
Diabetes mellitus type 2, hypertension, anxiety, depression, alcohol abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obstructive sleep apnoea, gout, and hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis. |
Ingestion of at least 5 to 6 20 oz (590 mL) Red Bull energy drinks daily for several weeks. |
AKI |
Icin et al., 2017 [93] |
1 |
27/M |
ED |
N/A |
Consumption of 5000 mL of beer, 400–500 mL of liquor, and 2000 mL of energy drink (containing 25 mL/100 mL of caffeine and taurine, vitamins, sugar, citric acid, and caramel) during a 6-h period before the onset of symptoms. |
Hyponatremia followed by coma |
Iyer et al., 2016 [94] |
1 |
35/M |
“Neon Volt” |
N/A |
Consumed 2 bottles of Neon Volt and then started training |
Rhabdomyolysis |
Kelsey et al., 2019 [83] |
1 |
30/M |
Red Bull + alcohol |
The psychiatric history consisted of a depressive episode 12 years earlier and a deliberate overdose one year later. On both occasions, no referral to psychiatric services was made and no treatment was initiated. |
Consumption of up to twelve 250 mL cans of Red Bull per day, and he also had consumed 7 units of alcohol on the day of his arrest. |
AKI |
Schoffl et al., 2011 [95] |
1 |
17/M |
ED + vodka |
N/A |
Ingestion of 3 L of ED with 1 L of vodka before onset |
AKI |