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. 2023 Sep 9;15(18):3922. doi: 10.3390/nu15183922

Table 5.

The results of our review on renal side effects.

References N° Cases Age/Sex Energy Drink (If Applicable) or Substances Major Pathologies Onset Adverse Event
Al Yacoub et al., 2020 [63] 1 62/F Sugar-free ED Small-cell left lung carcinoma. Consumption of five to six cans of a 16 fluid oz sugar-free ED daily. Acute kidney injury (AKI)
Greene et al., 2014 [92] 1 40/M Red Bull Diabetes mellitus type 2, hypertension, anxiety, depression, alcohol abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obstructive sleep apnoea, gout, and hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis. Ingestion of at least 5 to 6 20 oz (590 mL) Red Bull energy drinks daily for several weeks. AKI
Icin et al., 2017 [93] 1 27/M ED N/A Consumption of 5000 mL of beer, 400–500 mL of liquor, and 2000 mL of energy drink (containing 25 mL/100 mL of caffeine and taurine, vitamins, sugar, citric acid, and caramel) during a 6-h period before the onset of symptoms. Hyponatremia followed by coma
Iyer et al., 2016 [94] 1 35/M “Neon Volt” N/A Consumed 2 bottles of Neon Volt and then started training Rhabdomyolysis
Kelsey et al., 2019 [83] 1 30/M Red Bull + alcohol The psychiatric history consisted of a depressive episode 12 years earlier and a deliberate overdose one year later. On both occasions, no referral to psychiatric services was made and no treatment was initiated. Consumption of up to twelve 250 mL cans of Red Bull per day, and he also had consumed 7 units of alcohol on the day of his arrest. AKI
Schoffl et al., 2011 [95] 1 17/M ED + vodka N/A Ingestion of 3 L of ED with 1 L of vodka before onset AKI