Table 2.

Genetic mutations/polymorphisms associated with increased risk for migraine and relation to migraine.

Gene Product	Migraine Type/Features	Action in Relation to Migraine
Dopamine type 2 (D2) receptor [23]	Migraine with and without aura [23,84]	Vasoconstriction Reduces trigeminal nerve activation Inhibits release of vasoactive neuropeptide Interrupts pain transmission centrally
Glutathione S-transferase [85]	Migraine without aura [85]	Increases susceptibility to environmental xenobiotic-induced migraine attacks in GSTM1 genotype
Dopamine type 4 (D4) receptor [86]	Migraine without aura [86]	A potential genetic association exists between dopamine D4 receptor gene and migraine without aura
Tumor necrosis factor-α [87]	Migraine without aura [88]	Proinflammatory cytokine
Methyltetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T allele [89]	Migraine with aura [89]	MTHFR C677T polymorphism may increase homocysteine levels associated with migraine with aura
Dopamine β-hydroxylase gene [90]	Migraine with aura [90]	An intracellular enzyme catalyzing the conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline; imbalance may increase susceptibility to migraine
Angiotensin-converting enzyme allele [91]	Migraine with and without aura [92,93,94]	Involved in vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling
Hypocretin receptor 1 [95]	Migraine without aura [95]	Neuropeptide generated within the clusters of nerve cells in the hypothalamus that could potentially play a role in feelings of tiredness, frequent yawning, heightened drowsiness, and strong urges for food linked to migraine.
Syntaxin 1A [96]	Migraine without aura [96]	Involved in the control of brain chemicals, such as serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 [97]	Chronic migraine [97]	CYP1A2*1F is connected to excessive use of triptan medications, and among those who misuse these drugs, it also impacts the drug response.