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. 2023 Aug 28;19(14):4588–4607. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.86911

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Signaling pathways in the regulation of melanogenesis. Melanogenesis and melanocytes proliferation, differentiation and survival are regulated by the MITF transcription factor, which is regulated by a number of important signaling pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin, KIT/SCF, ET-1/EDNRB, α-MSH/MC1R and TGF-β pathways. MITF: Melanocyte Inducing Transcription Factor; GSK3β: Glycogen synthase kinase 3β; AKT: serine/threonine-specific protein kinase; MC1R: Melanocortin 1 Receptor; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; SCF: stem cell factor; c-KIT: tyrosine kinase receptor; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; ET-1: Endothelin 1; EDNRB: Endothelin receptor B; PKC: Protein kinase C; α-MSH: α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate; PKA: cAMP-dependent protein kinase A; CREB: cAMP response element-binding protein; ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone; AC: adenylate cyclase; PAX3: paired-box homeotic gene 3; SOX10: SRY-Box Transcription Factor 10; CRE: cAMP-response element.