Anthracyclines enhance Galectin-9 (Gal-9) expression in cancer cell lines. (a) Western blot analysis for Gal-9 protein expression after treatment with 2 μg/ml of doxorubicin (Dox) or epirubicin in different cell lines (MB231, BT549, PY8119, B16, and EMT6) (b) Gal-9 protein expression after treatment with Dox with the indicated times or different concentrations (times: 0, 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours; different concentrations: 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1 or 2 μg/ml) in different cell lines (MB231, BT549, and EMT6). Gal-9 protein levels were analyzed by Western blotting. (c) The cell surface Gal-9 expression was analyzed by flow cytometry in EMT6 and B16 cells. APC, allophycocyanin.