Table 1.
Representative RVFV vaccine candidates developed over the years.
| Vaccine Candidate | Type of Vaccine | Immune Response | Species Tested | Comments | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smithburn | Live-attenuated | Neutralizing antibody | Cow, goat, alpaca | Adverse effects: abortion, pathologic manifestation | [134,156,157] |
| NDBR-103 | Formalin inactivated | Neutralizing antibody | Humans | Side effect: reported case of Guillain-Barré Syndrome | [116,117] |
| TSI-GSD-200 | Formalin inactivated | Neutralizing antibody, T cell | Humans | Booster vaccinations required | [118,119,120] |
| MP-12 | Live-attenuated | Neutralizing antibody | Sheep, goat, alpaca, rhesus macaque, humans | Adverse effect for foetus when administered in early pregnancy, phase 1 and 2 clinical trials | [123,124,125,126,128,129,130,131] |
| Clone-13 | Live-attenuated | Neutralizing antibody | Sheep, goat, cattle | Vertical transmission | [133,134,135,136,137] |
| RVFV-4s | Live-attenuated | Neutralizing antibody | Sheep, goat, cow, common marmoset | No evidence of vertical transmission | [139,140,141,142] |
| arMP-12-ΔNSm21/384 1 | Live-attenuated | Neutralizing antibody, IFN-γ response | Sheep | [143] | |
| rZH501-ΔNSs:GFP, rZH501-ΔNSs:GFP-ΔNSm 2 | Live-attenuated | Neutralizing antibody | Rats | [144] | |
| pWRG7077-RVFV-NSm | DNA-vectored | Neutralizing antibody | Mice | [145] | |
| Gn-C3d | DNA-vectored | Neutralizing antibody | Mice | Protects passively immunized mice against RVFV-ZH501 challenge | [146] |
| RVFV-BLP 3 (Gn head) | Bacterium-like particle | Antibody and T cell response | Mice | [155] | |
| rLSDV-RVFV | Virus-vectored | Neutralizing antibody | Sheep | [152] | |
| rVEEV-RVFV | Virus-vectored | Neutralizing antibody | Mouse | [147] | |
| rMVA-RVFV | Virus-vectored | Neutralizing antibody, T cell | Mouse | [151] | |
| ChAdOx1-RVFV 4 | Virus vectored | Neutralizing antibody | Mouse, sheep, goat | Viremia in placenta of pregnant doe challenged with RVFV-35/74 | [153,154] |
1 arMP-12-ΔNSm21/384- recombinant MP12 with M gene deletion from nucleotide 21 to 384. 2 rZH501-ΔNSs:GFP, rZH501-ΔNSs:GFP-ΔNSm- recombinant ZH501 with deletion of NSs gene or NSs and NSm genes and coupled with GFP. 3 BLP- bacterium like particle. 4 ChAdOx1-chimpanzee adenovirus vector.