TABLE 1.

Neuroethical issues addressed in neuroethics journals.

Issue category	Issue	Description	Major keywords	References
Bias and diversity	Vulnerable social groups	Social groups that can be vulnerable to bias and/or discrimination as a result of neuroscientific findings	Sexism, neurodiversity	Gupta, 2012; Fine, 2013; Sarrett, 2016
Open science and innovation	Data governance	Issues about the ethically desirable treatment of neuroscientific data	Brain data, big data, mental privacy, sensitive data	Heinrichs, 2012; Kellmeyer, 2021
	Business and enterprise	Issues about business application of neuroscientific findings	Direct-to-consumer technology, neuromarketing, stakeholders	Chancellor and Chatterjee, 2011; Kreitmair, 2019; MacDuffie et al., 2022
Policy and governance	Policy-related issues	General issues about neuroscience-related policy	Regulation, human rights, neurorights, public mental health, political manipulation	Dubljević, 2015; Paulo and Bublitz, 2019; Goering et al., 2021; Ligthart et al., 2021
	Public engagement and public perception	Issues about public engagement related to neuroscience	Public attitudes, alternative medicine	Racine and Bell, 2012; Cabrera et al., 2015a; Nagappan et al., 2021
	Ethics integration	Issues about neuroscientific research initiatives and projects	Human Brain Project, BRAIN Initiative	Salles et al., 2019b; Goering and Klein, 2020
General bioethical issues	Research ethics	Bioethical issues concerning the research practice of neuroscience	Dual use, responsible research and innovation (RRI), informed consent	Dunn et al., 2011; Salles et al., 2019b; Goering et al., 2021
	Clinical ethics	Bioethical issues concerning clinical medical practice	Diagnosis, informed consent, end-of-life decision, surrogate decision, personhood, treatment, neurosurgery, side effects, personalized medicine, care	Jotterand et al., 2010; Hess, 2012; Bendtsen, 2013; Brukamp, 2013; Rommelfanger, 2013; Walker et al., 2022
	Animal ethics	Bioethical issues concerning animal sufferings	Animal experiments, veganism	Shriver, 2009; Johnson, 2020
	The ethics of enhancement	Bioethical issues concerning human neuro-enhancement	Moral enhancement, physical enhancement, sports, cognitive enhancement, psychiatric application, classroom application, mood enhancement, affective enhancement	Forlini and Racine, 2009; Singh and Kelleher, 2010; Kraemer, 2011; Lucke et al., 2011; Dubljević, 2013a; Schaefer et al., 2014; Focquaert and Schermer, 2015; Choy et al., 2020
	Other bioethical issues	General bioethical issues	Privacy, wellbeing, resource allocation, risk	Graham et al., 2015; Ligthart et al., 2021; Peterson et al., 2021; Fernandez et al., 2022
Implications for ethics	Theoretical issues	The application of neuroscientific findings for theoretical issues of ethics	Neuroscience of ethics, dual-process theory; free will, determinism, identity; agency; authenticity; autonomy	Kaposy, 2009; Appiah, 2010; Lavazza and De Caro, 2010; Felsen and Reiner, 2011; Baylis, 2013; Bluhm, 2014; Decety and Cowell, 2015; Gilbert, 2015a; Goddard, 2017; Goering et al., 2017; Saigle et al., 2018; Gilbert et al., 2021
	Practical issues	Issues about the application of neuroscientific findings focused on our free will and moral responsibility	Criminal justice, evidence, punishment, rehabilitation, psychopathy	Morse, 2008; Vincent, 2011; Klaming and Haselager, 2013; Pereboom, 2020; McCay and Kennett, 2021
Specific topics	Neurotechnologies	Issues related to a particular neurotechnology	Neuroimaging, tDCS, implant, BCI, extended mind, DBS, pills, head transplantation, brain organoid	Roskies, 2008; Klaming and Haselager, 2013; Dubljević, 2015; Zohny, 2015; Wolpe, 2017; Friedrich et al., 2021; Sawai et al., 2022
	Mental activities and psychiatric disorders	Issues targeted at particular neurological diseases or mental features	Addiction, dementia, locked-in syndrome, memory, belief, empathy, consciousness	Walter, 2010; Pickard, 2012, 2017; Fischer and Truog, 2013; Hammer et al., 2013; Bortolotti et al., 2014; Darby et al., 2016; Lewis, 2017; Goldberg, 2020