Figure 3.

Schematic representation of potential self-amplifying mRNA-LNP vaccine components. (A) Schematic representation of an LNP formulation. The membrane consists of neutral lipids, polyethylene glycol lipids (PEGylated lipids), cholesterol and ionizable cationic lipids. For the self-amplifying mRNA-LNP vaccine, in the formulation the target mRNA must be included along with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) complex which will enable the intracellular RNA amplification and the consequently abundant expression of the target protein upon the immunisation of the host. (B) The target self-amplifying RNA encodes 5′ and 3′ CSE (conserved sequence element) sequences, a subgenomic promoter and the vaccine immunogen.