Table 2.
Crude and adjusted a age difference (β) in months (95% CIs) in timing of puberty according to average daily intake of vitamin D supplements. Between 0.01–9.99 µg/day and 0 µg/day relatively to ≥10 µg/day and continuous per 5 µg decrease in vitamin D intake.
| Average Daily Intake of Vitamin D from Supplements (µg/day) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≥10 (Reference) | 0.01–9.99 | 0 | Pr. 5 µg/day Decrease | |||||
| Pubertal Milestones | Mean Age in Years | Crude Difference |
Adjusted Difference |
Crude Difference | Adjusted Difference |
Crude Difference |
Adjusted Difference |
|
| Boys n = 6031 b | ||||||||
| Tanner Genital stage 2 | 10.8 | 0.5 | 0.9 (−0.3; 2.1) | 0.7 | 1.4 (−0.3; 3.0) | 0.5 | 0.7 (0.1; 1.2) | |
| Tanner Genital stage 3 | 12.5 | 0.2 | 0.1 (−1.1; 1.2) | 0.1 | 0.5 (−1.1; 2.1) | 0.1 | 0.2 (−0.3; 0.8) | |
| Tanner Genital stage 4 | 13.7 | 0.2 | 0.0 (−1.2; 1.2) | 0.5 | 1.1 (−0.4; 2.7) | 0.2 | 0.4 (−0.2; 1.0) | |
| Tanner Genital stage 5 | 15.8 | 0.1 | 0.1 (−1.9; 2.0) | 0.0 | 0.3 (−2.2; 2.8) | 0.3 | 0.7 (−0.3; 1.6) | |
| Tanner Pubic Hair stage 2 | 11.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 (−0.5; 1.8) | 0.7 | 1.0 (−0.5; 2.6) | 0.4 | 0.5 (0.0; 1.1) | |
| Tanner Pubic Hair stage 3 | 12.7 | 0.4 | 0.5 (−0.6; 1.5) | 0.1 | 0.6 (−0.7; 1.9) | 0.1 | 0.3 (−0.2; 0.8) | |
| Tanner Pubic Hair stage 4 | 13.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 (−0.3; 1.6) | −0.1 | 0.7 (−0.6; 1.9) | 0.1 | 0.4 (−0.1; 0.9) | |
| Tanner Pubic Hair stage 5 | 14.8 | 0.2 | 0.1 (−1.2; 1.4) | 0.1 | 0.9 (−0.9; 2.6) | 0.2 | 0.5 (−0.1; 1.1) | |
| Axillary hair | 13.2 | 1.4 | 1.6 (0.4; 2.9) | −0.1 | −0.2 (−1.9; 1.4) | 0.2 | 0.5 (0.0; 1.1) | |
| Acne | 12.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 (0.1; 2.4) | 1.3 | 2.1 (0.5; 3.7) | 0.7 | 0.9 (0.4; 1.5) | |
| Voice break | 13.0 | 0.8 | 0.6 (−0.6; 1.7) | −0.5 | −0.5 (−2.2; 1.1) | 0.2 | 0.2 (−0.4; 0.7) | |
| First ejaculation | 13.3 | 0.8 | 1.4 (0.3; 2.6) | 0.8 | 1.2 (−0.4; 2.7) | 0.5 | 0.8 (0.3; 1.4) | |
| Combined estimate | 0.6 | 0.6 (−0.2; 1.5) | 0.3 | 0.7 (−0.4; 1.8) | 0.4 | 0.5 (0.1; 0.9) | ||
| Girls n = 6445 b | ||||||||
| Tanner Breast stage 2 | 9.8 | −0.3 | 0.4 (−1.2; 2.0) | −0.7 | −0.5 (−2.6; 1.6) | −0.4 | 0.2 (−0.5; 0.9) | |
| Tanner Breast stage 3 | 11.6 | 0.1 | 0.3 (−0.7; 1.3) | −0.7 | −1.0 (−2.3; 0.4) | −0.2 | 0.0 (−0.5; 0.4) | |
| Tanner Breast stage 4 | 13.1 | −0.1 | 0.3 (−0.8; 1.3) | −0.7 | −0.5 (−2.0; 0.9) | −0.2 | 0.0 (−0.5; 0.5) | |
| Tanner Breast stage 5 | 16.0 | −0.5 | −0.2 (−2.2; 1.8) | −3.3 | −2.2 (−4.9; 0.5) | −1.0 | −0.3 (−1.3; 0.8) | |
| Tanner Pubic Hair stage 2 | 11.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 (−0.3; 1.4) | 0.4 | 0.4 (−0.7; 1.5) | 0.2 | 0.4 (0.0; 0.9) | |
| Tanner Pubic Hair stage 3 | 12.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 (−0.3; 1.4) | 0.1 | 0.3 (−0.7; 1.5) | 0.1 | 0.3 (−0.1; 0.7) | |
| Tanner Pubic Hair stage 4 | 13.5 | 0.0 | 0.4 (−0.7; 1.6) | 0.6 | 0.6 (−0.9; 2.2) | 0.3 | 0.4 (−0.1; 0.9) | |
| Tanner Pubic Hair stage 5 | 15.6 | −0.3 | 0.4 (−1.3; 2.1) | 0.0 | −0.5 (−2.9; 1.9) | −0.1 | −0.1 (−1.0; 0.7) | |
| Axillary hair | 11.9 | −0.3 | 0.1 (−1.1; 1.2) | −0.2 | 0.2 (−1.3; 1.8) | −0.1 | 0.3 (−0.3; 0.8) | |
| Acne | 11.4 | −0.1 | −0.1 (−1.5; 1.2) | −1.5 | −2.2 (−3.9; −0.4) | −0.5 | −0.7 (−1.3; −0.1) | |
| Menarche | 13.0 | 0.8 | 0.8 (−0.1; 1.7) | −0.8 | −0.7 (−1.9; 0.4) | −0.2 | 0.1 (−0.4; 0.5) | |
| Combined estimate | 0.1 | 0.4 (−0.4; 1.2) | −0.5 | −0.5 (−1.6; 0.6) | −0.1 | 0.1 (−0.3; 0.5) | ||
a Adjusted for maternal age at menarche, maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, and highest parental socioeconomic status, parental cohabitation, couple fecundity, maternal smoking, maternal alcohol intake, parity, maternal age at delivery and season at delivery; b n refers to the number of boys and girls that gave information on all of the pubertal milestones.