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. 2023 Sep 18;15(18):4039. doi: 10.3390/nu15184039

Table 2.

Crude and adjusted a age difference (β) in months (95% CIs) in timing of puberty according to average daily intake of vitamin D supplements. Between 0.01–9.99 µg/day and 0 µg/day relatively to ≥10 µg/day and continuous per 5 µg decrease in vitamin D intake.

Average Daily Intake of Vitamin D from Supplements (µg/day)
≥10 (Reference) 0.01–9.99 0 Pr. 5 µg/day Decrease
Pubertal Milestones Mean Age in Years Crude
Difference
Adjusted
Difference
Crude Difference Adjusted
Difference
Crude
Difference
Adjusted
Difference
Boys n = 6031 b
Tanner Genital stage 2 10.8 0.5 0.9 (−0.3; 2.1) 0.7 1.4 (−0.3; 3.0) 0.5 0.7 (0.1; 1.2)
Tanner Genital stage 3 12.5 0.2 0.1 (−1.1; 1.2) 0.1 0.5 (−1.1; 2.1) 0.1 0.2 (−0.3; 0.8)
Tanner Genital stage 4 13.7 0.2 0.0 (−1.2; 1.2) 0.5 1.1 (−0.4; 2.7) 0.2 0.4 (−0.2; 1.0)
Tanner Genital stage 5 15.8 0.1 0.1 (−1.9; 2.0) 0.0 0.3 (−2.2; 2.8) 0.3 0.7 (−0.3; 1.6)
Tanner Pubic Hair stage 2 11.3 0.5 0.7 (−0.5; 1.8) 0.7 1.0 (−0.5; 2.6) 0.4 0.5 (0.0; 1.1)
Tanner Pubic Hair stage 3 12.7 0.4 0.5 (−0.6; 1.5) 0.1 0.6 (−0.7; 1.9) 0.1 0.3 (−0.2; 0.8)
Tanner Pubic Hair stage 4 13.5 0.6 0.6 (−0.3; 1.6) −0.1 0.7 (−0.6; 1.9) 0.1 0.4 (−0.1; 0.9)
Tanner Pubic Hair stage 5 14.8 0.2 0.1 (−1.2; 1.4) 0.1 0.9 (−0.9; 2.6) 0.2 0.5 (−0.1; 1.1)
Axillary hair 13.2 1.4 1.6 (0.4; 2.9) −0.1 −0.2 (−1.9; 1.4) 0.2 0.5 (0.0; 1.1)
Acne 12.2 1.2 1.2 (0.1; 2.4) 1.3 2.1 (0.5; 3.7) 0.7 0.9 (0.4; 1.5)
Voice break 13.0 0.8 0.6 (−0.6; 1.7) −0.5 −0.5 (−2.2; 1.1) 0.2 0.2 (−0.4; 0.7)
First ejaculation 13.3 0.8 1.4 (0.3; 2.6) 0.8 1.2 (−0.4; 2.7) 0.5 0.8 (0.3; 1.4)
Combined estimate 0.6 0.6 (−0.2; 1.5) 0.3 0.7 (−0.4; 1.8) 0.4 0.5 (0.1; 0.9)
Girls n = 6445 b
Tanner Breast stage 2 9.8 −0.3 0.4 (−1.2; 2.0) −0.7 −0.5 (−2.6; 1.6) −0.4 0.2 (−0.5; 0.9)
Tanner Breast stage 3 11.6 0.1 0.3 (−0.7; 1.3) −0.7 −1.0 (−2.3; 0.4) −0.2 0.0 (−0.5; 0.4)
Tanner Breast stage 4 13.1 −0.1 0.3 (−0.8; 1.3) −0.7 −0.5 (−2.0; 0.9) −0.2 0.0 (−0.5; 0.5)
Tanner Breast stage 5 16.0 −0.5 −0.2 (−2.2; 1.8) −3.3 −2.2 (−4.9; 0.5) −1.0 −0.3 (−1.3; 0.8)
Tanner Pubic Hair stage 2 11.2 0.2 0.5 (−0.3; 1.4) 0.4 0.4 (−0.7; 1.5) 0.2 0.4 (0.0; 0.9)
Tanner Pubic Hair stage 3 12.4 0.3 0.5 (−0.3; 1.4) 0.1 0.3 (−0.7; 1.5) 0.1 0.3 (−0.1; 0.7)
Tanner Pubic Hair stage 4 13.5 0.0 0.4 (−0.7; 1.6) 0.6 0.6 (−0.9; 2.2) 0.3 0.4 (−0.1; 0.9)
Tanner Pubic Hair stage 5 15.6 −0.3 0.4 (−1.3; 2.1) 0.0 −0.5 (−2.9; 1.9) −0.1 −0.1 (−1.0; 0.7)
Axillary hair 11.9 −0.3 0.1 (−1.1; 1.2) −0.2 0.2 (−1.3; 1.8) −0.1 0.3 (−0.3; 0.8)
Acne 11.4 −0.1 −0.1 (−1.5; 1.2) −1.5 −2.2 (−3.9; −0.4) −0.5 −0.7 (−1.3; −0.1)
Menarche 13.0 0.8 0.8 (−0.1; 1.7) −0.8 −0.7 (−1.9; 0.4) −0.2 0.1 (−0.4; 0.5)
Combined estimate 0.1 0.4 (−0.4; 1.2) −0.5 −0.5 (−1.6; 0.6) −0.1 0.1 (−0.3; 0.5)

a Adjusted for maternal age at menarche, maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, and highest parental socioeconomic status, parental cohabitation, couple fecundity, maternal smoking, maternal alcohol intake, parity, maternal age at delivery and season at delivery; b n refers to the number of boys and girls that gave information on all of the pubertal milestones.