Table 1.
Different approaches for apnea detection from SpO2 using DL, arranged by year of publication.
| Ref | Year | DL Model | Dataset | Window Size (Time) | #* Subjects | Accuracy % (Best) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Almazaydeh et al. [23] | 2012 | NN * | UCD database [30] | - | 7 | 93.3 |
| Morillo et al. [22] | 2013 | PNN * | Private dataset | 30 s | 115 | 84 |
| Mostafa et al. [26] | 2017 | Deep Belief NN with an autoencoder | UCD database [30] | 1 min | 8 and 25 | 85.26 |
| Pathinarupothi et al. [29] | 2017 | LSTM *-RNN | UCD database [30] | 1 min | 35 | 95.5 |
| Cen et al. [32] | 2018 | CNN * | UCD database [30] | 1 s | - | 79.61 |
| Mostafa et al. [33] | 2020 | CNN | Private dataset and UCD database [30] | 1, 3 and 5 min | - | 89.40 |
| John et al. [12] | 2021 | 1D CNN | UCD database [30] | 1 s | 25 | 89.75 |
| Vaquerizo-Villar et al. [25] | 2021 | CNN | CHAT dataset [31] and 2 private datasets | 20 min | 3196 | 83.9 |
| Piorecky et al. [27] | 2021 | CNN | Private dataset | 10 s | 175 | 84 |
| Bernardini et al. [28] | 2021 | LSTM | OSASUD [34] | 180 s | 30 | 63.3 |
| Li et al. [21] | 2021 | Artificial neural network (ANN) | Private dataset | - | 148 | 97.8 |
* Abbreviations: #, number of; NN, neural network; PNN, Probabilistic neural network; UCD, St. Vincent’s University Hospital/University College Dublin Sleep Apnea; LSTM, long short-term memory; CNN, convolutional neural network.