Table 4.
Factors influencing vaccine uptake.
| Table | Factors | Barriers | Facilitators |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intrapersonal Level | |||
| Vaccine related factors | Vaccine safety | Safety concerns [23,25,33,48,50,51,55,56,57,60,61,65,66,67,68,69,70,72,74,75,76,77,78,81,82,83,84,85,86,88,91,92,95] | Confident in the COVID-19 vaccines [47,52,88] |
| Vaccine efficacy | Concerns about the effectiveness of the vaccine [23,25,65,67,69,70,76,77,78,82,84,85,86,88,92,95] | Belief that the vaccine is effective in protecting against COVID-19 [74] | |
| Vaccine knowledge | Having poor knowledge [66] | ||
| Vaccine perception | Having a negative perception [43] | ||
| Vaccine preference | Prefer to wait for another type of COVID-19 vaccine [70] | ||
| Vaccine necessity | Not a priority [70] | ||
| Vaccine experiences | Experiences of discomfort while receiving the first dose [95] | ||
| Vaccine immunity against COVID-19 | Sufficient immunity with the first dose [95] | ||
| Vaccine vs. alternative treatment | Preferred alternative treatment to the COVID-19 vaccine [61,81,95] | ||
| Vaccine development | Mistrust in science [23,47,55,56,61,66,68,69,70,74,75,77,81,82,85,90,91] | ||
| COVID-19 | Diagnosis of COVID | Prior diagnosis [23,67,91,92] | |
| Susceptibility of contracting COVID | Low perceived susceptibility [23,66,67,78,91] | High perceived susceptibility [25,47,59,63,87,92] | |
| Side-effects of COVID | Previous history of loss of smell & taste [56] | ||
| Protection against COVID | Belief in one’s immune system [65,68,76,77,95] | Requires the vaccine to protect oneself [60,72,74,78,84,88,91] | |
| Psychosocial factors | Chronic illness | Presence of chronic illness [56] | Presence of chronic illness [59] |
| Family planning | Planning pregnancy [67,70,91] | ||
| Religion | Religious beliefs [55,56,61,66,70,81,95] | ||
| Experiences with vaccines | Prior adverse reactions to vaccines [2,61] | ||
| Fear of needles & injections [70] | |||
| Against vaccinations in general [91] | |||
| Interpersonal Level | |||
| Influences | Relationship with colleagues | Being influenced by colleagues [63] | |
| Relationship with family | Requires permission from their family before taking the COVID-19 vaccine [70] | ||
| Disapproval from family [66] | |||
| Desire to protect loved ones [25,60,72,78,84,88,91,92] | |||
| Loss of someone to COVID-19 [55] | |||
| Relationship with religious leaders | Discouragement from Religious leaders [66] | ||
| Organizational Level | |||
| Institutional structures | Government & stakeholders | Lack of trust [25,43,56,57,68,81,90] | |
| Government officials not accepting vaccine uptake [66] | |||
| Vaccine accessibility | COVID-19 vaccine inaccessible [63,65,70,75] | COVID-19 vaccine accessible [63] | |
| Workplace environment | Company policy | To keep working [91] | |
| Leadership & support | Lack of support by employer [66] | ||
| Community Level | |||
| Shared norms & myths | Public health responsibility | To end the pandemic [52,78,91,92] | |
| Access to information | Lack of information [23,25,57,61,63,67,70,78] | ||
| Social media | Subscribing to misinformation or conspiracies [57,60,63,68,70,72,90] | ||
| Policy Level | |||
| Vaccination policies | Travel requirements | Requires the vaccine for future travel [47,60,63] | |
| Vaccination cost | Vaccines are provided free of charge [74,88] | ||
| Mandatory policies | Feeling coerced into accepting vaccines [82,89] | ||