Table A4.
Included Study Characteristics.
| Author(s) & Publication Year |
Country & Data Collection Period |
Methodology |
|---|---|---|
| Adane et al., 2022 [51] |
Ethiopia May 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Physicians Medical Laboratory Technicians Nurses & Midwives Pharmacists Radiologists Anaesthesiologists Public Health Specialist Non-medical Auxiliary Staff Sample size: 404 Measurement scale: Likert scale |
| Adejumo et al., 2021 [49] |
Nigeria October 2020 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Physicians Nurses Medical Laboratory Technicians Pharmacists Physiotherapists Other Sample size: 1470 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Adeniyi et al., 2021 [52] |
South Africa November to December 2020 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Physicians Pharmacists Nurses Allied Health Professionals Support Staff Sample size: 1380 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Aemro et al., 2021 [53] |
Ethiopia May to June 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Physicians Pharmacists Nurses Allied Health Professionals Support Staff Sample size: 418 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Agyekum et al., 2021 [23] |
Ghana January to February 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Nurses & Midwives Allied Health Professionals Physicians Sample size: 234 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Ahmed et al., 2021 [54] |
Ethiopia January to March 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Nurses & Midwives Psychiatrists Optometrists Physicians Health Officers Anaesthetics Medical Laboratory Technicians Radiologists Physiotherapists Pharmacists Other Sample size: 409 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Alhassan et al., 2021 [55] |
Ghana September to October 2020 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Pharmacists Other Sample size: 1605 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Allagoa et al., 2021 [56] |
Nigeria April 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Physicians Sample size: 182 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Amour et al., 2023 [57] |
Tanzania October to November 2021 |
Study design: A mixed-method study Population target: Physicians Nurses & Midwives Pharmacists Medical Laboratory Technicians Administrative Staff Other Sample size: 1368 |
| Amuzie et al., 2021 [58] |
Nigeria March 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Physicians Nurses Pharmacists Medical Laboratory Technicians Administrative Staff Allied Health Professionals Sample size: 422 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Angelo et al., 2021 [59] |
Ethiopia March 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Physicians Nurses & Midwives Medical Laboratory Technicians Pharmacist Sample size: 405 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Annan et al., 2021 [60] |
Ghana |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Junior Physicians Sample size: 305 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Asefa et al., 2023 [61] |
Ethiopia July to August 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Nurses & Midwives Physicians Medical Laboratory Technicians Pharmacists Sample size: 421 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Aseneh et al., 2023 [62] |
Multiple countries Cameroon & Nigeria May to June 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Physicians Nurses & Midwives Administrative Staff Paramedics Pharmacists CHWs Dentists Medical Laboratory Technicians Nurse Assistants Public Health Specialist Physiotherapists Radiologists Other Sample size: 598 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Ashipala et al., 2023 [63] |
Namibia September to October 2021 |
Study design: A qualitative study Population target: Nurses Sample size: 15 |
| Berhe et al., 2022 [64] |
Ethiopia July 2022 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Nurses & Midwives Physicians Medical Laboratory Technicians Pharmacist Psychiatrist Environmental Health Specialist Public Health Specialist Others Sample size: 403 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Dahie et al., 2022 [65] |
Somalia December 2021 to February 2022 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Nurses & Midwives Physicians Medical Laboratory Technicians Public Health Specialist Dentist Pharmacist CHWs Nutritionists Other Sample size: 1281 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Ekwebene et al., 2021 [66] |
Nigeria |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target Physicians Nurses Public Health Specialist Radiologist Dentists Optometrist Medical Laboratory Technicians Pharmacists Physiotherapist Cleaners Sample size: 445 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| El-Ghitany et al., 2022 [67] |
Egypt January to June 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Physicians Nurses Pharmacist Other Sample size: 2919 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| El-Sokkary et al., 2021 [46] |
Egypt January 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Physicians Dentists Pharmacists Others Sample size: 308 Measurement scale: Likert scale |
| Fares et al., 2021 [47] |
Egypt December 2020 to January 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Physicians Nurses Pharmacists Dentists Physiotherapists Sample size: 385 Measurement scale: Likert scale |
| George et al., 2023 [68] |
South Africa August to October 2022 |
Study design: A mixed-method study Population target: Nurses Physicians Allied Health Professionals Dentists/Dental Hygienists Paramedics Pharmacists Sample size: 7763 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Guangul et al., 2021 [69] |
Ethiopia |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Health Officer/Clinical officer Medical Laboratory Technicians Nurses Pharmacists Physicians Other Sample size: 668 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Ibrahim et al., 2023 [70] |
Somalia February to March 2022 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Nurses & Midwives Physicians Radiologists Medical Laboratory Technicians Sample size: 1476 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Iwu et al., 2022 [71] |
Nigeria September to October 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Nurses & Midwives Physicians Medical Laboratory Technicians Pharmacists Sample size: 347 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Kanyike et al., 2021 [72] |
Uganda March 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Medical students Sample size: 600 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Mohammed et al., 2021 [73] |
Ethiopia March to July 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Nurses & Midwives Physicians Medical Laboratory Technicians Anaesthetic Technicians Pharmacists Radiologists Sample size: 614 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Mohammed et al., 2023 [74] |
Ghana |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Physicians Allied Health Professionals Auxiliary Employees Sample size: 424 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Moucheraud et al., 2022 [75] |
Malawi March to May 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Physicians Medical Assistants Nurses HIV Diagnostic Assistants Health Surveillance Assistants Patient Supporter Data Clerks Sample size: 400 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Mudenda et al., 2022 [76] |
Zambia February to April 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Pharmacy students Sample size: 326 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Ngasa et al., 2021 [77] |
Cameroon April to June 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Physicians Medical Students Nurses Medical Laboratory Technicians Public Health Specialist Pharmacists Sample size: 371 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Niguse et al., 2023 [78] |
Ethiopia October to November 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Nurses & Midwives Physicians Radiologists Public Health Specialist Pharmacists Sample size: 390 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Nnaemeka et al., 2022 [79] |
Nigeria September 2021 & March 2022 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Nurses & Midwives Physicians Pharmacists Medical Laboratory Technicians Radiologists Administrative Staff Physiotherapists Sample size: 1268 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Nzaji et al., 2020 [80] |
The Democratic Republic of Congo March to April 2020 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Physicians Nurses Other Sample size: 613 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Oriji et al., 2021 [81] |
Nigeria April 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Nurses Pharmacists Medical Laboratory Technicians Non-clinical officers Sample size: 182 Measurement scale: Likert scale |
| Orok et al., 2022 [25] |
Nigeria May to June 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Medical students Sample size: 233 Measurement scale: Likert scale |
| Ouni et al., 2023 [82] |
Uganda |
Study design: A mixed-method study Population target: Nurses & Midwives Physicians Environmental Health Specialist Medical Laboratory Technicians Sample size: 346 |
| Robinson et al., 2021 [83] |
Nigeria December 2020 to January 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Ancillary Support Staff Dental Technicians Physicians Medical Laboratory Technicians Medical Consultant Nurses & Midwives Optometrists Pharmacist Physiotherapists Primary Healthcare Worker Radiologists Sample size: 1094 Measurement scale: Likert scale |
| Saied et al., 2021 [84] |
Egypt January 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Medical students Sample size: 2133 Measurement scale: Likert scale |
| Sharaf et al., 2022 [85] |
Egypt August to October 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Dental teaching staff Sample size: 171 Measurement scale: Likert scale |
| Shehata et al., 2022 [86] |
Egypt March to May 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Physicians Sample size: 1268 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Terefa et al., 2021 [87] |
Ethiopia June 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Nurses & Midwives Physicians Medical Laboratory Technicians Pharmacists Anaesthetists Psychiatrist Dentists Public Health Specialist Other Sample size: 522 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Tharwat et al., 2022 [88] |
Egypt August to September 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Nurses & Midwives Physicians Administrative Staff Security Officers Radiologist Medical Laboratory Technicians Pharmacists Dentist Sample size: 455 Measurement scale: Likert scale |
| Toure et al., 2022 [43] |
Guinea March to August 2021 |
Study design: A mixed-method study Population target: General adult population & HCW Nurses & Midwives Medical Laboratory Technicians Physicians Sample size: 7210 (HCWs-3547) Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Voundi-Voundi et al., 2023 [89] |
Cameroon January to March 2022 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Nurses & Midwives Physicians Administrative Staff Sample size: 360 |
| Watermeyer et al., 2022 [90] |
South Africa September to November 2021 |
Study design: A qualitative study Population target: CHW Sample size: 20 |
| Whitworth et al., 2022 [91] |
Multiple countries Sierra Leone DRC Uganda April to October 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Physicians Nurses & Midwives Clinical Support Staff Medical Laboratory Technicians Pharmacist Non-clinical support staff Sample size: 543 Measurement scale: Likert scale |
| Wiysonge et al., 2022 [48] |
South Africa March to May 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Admin Support Nurses Other HCWs Physicians Sample size: 395 Measurement scale: Likert scale |
| Yassin et al., 2022 [92] |
Sudan April 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Physicians Pharmacist Nurses Medical Laboratory Technicians Administrators Others Sample size: 400 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Yendewa et al., 2022 [93] |
Sierra Leone January to March 2022 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Physicians Medical Students Pharmacists Nurses Nursing Students Sample size: 592 Measurement scale: Likert scale |
| Yilma et al., 2022 [50] |
Ethiopia February to April 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Nurses & Midwives Physicians Medical Laboratory Technicians Pharmacists Cleaners Others Sample size: 1314 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Zammit et al., 2022 [94] |
Tunisia January 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Physicians Dentists Pharmacists Paramedical professionals Sample size: 493 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |
| Zewude & Belachew, 2021 [95] |
Ethiopia June 2021 |
Study design: A quantitative cross-sectional study Population target: Physicians Health officer Administrative Staff Nurse Medical Laboratory Technician Pharmacist Others Sample size: 232 Measurement scale: Dichotomous scale |