Figure 1.

Exposure to third-hand e-vapour with nicotine reduces bronchial responsiveness to provocation, but has limited effects on airway inflammation in mice exposed to 4 weeks of third-hand e-vapour. Lung function in terms of (a) central airway resistance, (b) transpulmonary resistance, (c) tissue damping, and (d) tissue elastance, in response to increasing doses of nebulised methacholine. (e) Total leukocytes, (f) macrophages, (g) neutrophils, and (h) eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM and analysed by two-way ANOVA (a–d) or one-way ANOVA (e–h) with Tukey’s post hoc tests, n = 7–10/group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 versus sham at the same concentration of methacholine.