Table 2.

Examples of nanotechnological applications and their commercialization in the medical field.

Sr. No.	Examples of Nanotechnological Applications and Their Commercialized Cases in Medical Field	Brief Explanation	References
1	Drug delivery systems	Nanoparticles can be used to deliver drugs directly to targeted areas, improving their efficacy and reducing side effects. Examples include Abraxane (paclitaxel nanoparticles) and Doxil (liposomal doxorubicin).	[5,15,24,28]
2	Cancer diagnostics	Nanotechnology-based platforms can detect cancer biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity. One example is MagArray, a magnetic nanotechnology-based biosensor for breast cancer diagnosis.	[113,114,115]
3	Tissue engineering	Nanomaterials such as nanofibers and nanocomposites can be used to construct artificial tissues and scaffolds to promote tissue regeneration and repair, as seen in the commercialized case of CardioCel for cardiovascular tissue repair.	[16,17,156]
4	Imaging agents	Nanoparticles can enhance the contrast of medical imaging techniques such as MRI, CT, and PET scans. Feridex (iron oxide nanoparticles) is an example of a commercialized MRI contrast agent.	[19,133,157,158]
5	Antibacterial coatings	Nanoscale antibacterial agents can be incorporated into medical devices such as catheters to prevent infections. The commercial product Nano-Silver Catheter is one such example.	[6,69,70,77]
6	Diagnostic nanoparticles	Quantum dots or gold nanoparticles can be engineered to detect and quantify target molecules, enabling highly sensitive medical diagnostics. ClearLight™ Diagnostics uses quantum dots for molecular imaging in tissue diagnostics.	[118,129,155]
7	Biosensors	Nanofabricated sensors can detect disease-related biomarkers and monitor conditions in real-time, such as glucose monitoring devices for diabetes management, for example, FreeStyle Libre.	[12,17,20,21,26]
8	Wound healing	Nanofiber-based dressings and coatings can accelerate wound healing by promoting	[159]
9	Chemotherapy	Nanoparticles can be loaded with therapeutic agents such as chemotherapy drugs or gene therapies, allowing targeted treatment of cancer cells. Examples include Doxil (liposomal doxorubicin) and Onivyde (nanoliposomal irinotecan).	[4,16,32,39,40,160]
10	Regenerative medicine	Nanomaterials can stimulate tissue regeneration and repair, such as the commercialized product BioCartilage for osteochondral defects.	[73,79,85]
11	Artificial organs	Nanotechnology can assist in designing and fabricating artificial organs with improved functional properties. The HeartWare™ Ventricular Assist System is a commercialized example for heart failure patients.	[85,161]
12	Early disease detection	Nanosensors can detect early-stage diseases through biomarker analysis, potentially enabling early intervention and improved outcomes. CarisomeOvarian is a nanosensor-based test for early detection of ovarian cancer.	[16,19,52,92,93]
13	Nanorobots for targeted therapy	Tiny nanorobots can be engineered to perform specific medical tasks, such as delivering drugs or unclogging.	[91,92,99]
14	Dental applications	Nanomaterials are used in dental restoration materials, such as nanocomposites	[99,100,101,102,103,104,105]
15	Drug discovery	Nanotechnology enables high-throughput screenings and drug design methods, accelerating the discovery of new therapeutic compounds. The commercialized product Nanotax uses nanotechnology for drug discovery.	[112,115,116,117,118,119,120]