Table 2.
Prevalence of Cyclospora spp. or C. cayetanensis in fresh produce worldwide (since 2019).
| Country | % (No. Positive/Total Samples Analyzed) | Food Type | Method | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Canada | 0.28% (5/1759) imported leafy green, herb, and berry samples. C. cayetanensis was detected in berries (two), herbs (two), and leafy greens (one) | Imported leafy green, herb, and berry samples | BAM chapter 19b implemented in the CFIA (qPCR) | [56] |
| China (Henan) Agricultural farms and open markets | Total 0.3% (3/1120): 0.2% in vegetables (2/1099) and 4.8% in fruits (1/21). Vegetables: 0.5% lettuce (1/200) and 2.3% in leaf lettuce (1/44). Two samples confirmed by sequencing | Lettuce, coriander, celery, baby bok choy, leaf lettuce, water spinach, crown daisy, fennel plant, endive, spinach, schizonepeta, cabbage, leaf mustard, Chinese chive, and chive, and the stripped epidermis of bacca (cucumber, watermelon, potato, bean, green chili). | Nested PCR and sequencing | [57] |
| Colombia (Bogota) Retail markets in 20 localities | 0.83% strawberries (1/120) | Strawberries | Multiplex quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay | [58] |
| Egypt (Assuit City, Assuit governorate) | Total 2.9% (7/240): 7.5% watercress (3/40), 5.0% parsley (2/40), 2.5% radish (1/40), and 2.5% green onion (1/40). Negative coriander (0/40) and lettuce (0/40) | Watercress, radish, parsley, coriander, green onion, and lettuce | Flotation and sedimentation. Lactophenol cotton blue stain and Modified Ziehl–Neelsen stain | [59] |
| Egypt (El-Kharga Oasis, Upper Egypt) from public markets | Total 20% (54/270): 20% arugula (Eruca sativa) (36/180) and 20% radish (Raphanus sativus) (18/90) | Arugula and radish | Sedimentation and flotation techniques with modified Ziehl–Neelsen staining | [60] |
| Ethiopia (Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia) | Total 2% (7/347): 4% tomatoes (4/100), 3% green peppers (2/66), and 4.3% salad (1/23). 0% carrots (0/62), 0% cabbage (0/96) | Tomatoes, cabbage, green peppers, carrots, salads | 100 g sample. Light microscope with Lugol’s iodine and Modified Ziehl–Neelsen staining | [61] |
| Ethiopia (Nine local markets in Dire Dawa City) | Total 7.4% (28/376): 17.9% lettuce (5/47), 7.1% cabbage (2/47), 10.7% carrots (3/47), 14.3% tomato (4/47), 14.3% green pepper (4/47), 17.9% banana (5/47), 3.6% orange (1/47), 14.3% spinach (4/47) | Lettuce, cabbage, carrots, tomato, green pepper, banana, orange spinach | Sedimentation. Modified Ziehl–Neelsen staining | [62] |
| Iraq (Baghdad), local markets | Total 3.7% (2/54): 5.5% lettuce (1/18), 5.5% basil (1/18), 0% parsley (0/18). | Lettuce, parsley, and basil | Five-hundred-gram sample size. Light microscope | [34] |
| Iraq (Anbar province) | No data on number of samples collected from each vegetable Counted oocysts from each produce were 6, 7.8, 7.2, 4.4, and 3.2 oocysts/liter washing of garden cress, radish, leek, green onions, and purslane, respectively. |
Garden cress, radish, leek, green onions, and purslane | Saturated sugar, MO, fluorescent microscope, and counting in Newbauer chamber slide | [33] |
| Italy (Apulia), supermarkets in Foggia and Bari towns | Total 0.08% (1/1296): 0.3% blueberries (1/324 pools), 0% ready-to-eat (RTE) mixed salad (0/324), 0% blackberries (0/324), 0% raspberries (0/324) | RTE mixed salads (locally produced), blueberries and blackberries imported from Peru and Mexico, respectively, and raspberries grown in Italy | Saturated zinc sulfate solution. Confirmation by three molecular PCRs (BAM qPCR, other qPCR, and nested PCR) and sequencing | [63] |
| Mexico (commercial farms in central Mexico) | Total 23.5% (4/17): 16.6% blueberries (1/6) and 27.3% blackberries (3/11) | Blueberries, blackberries | Nested PCR assay, confirmation by Sanger DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis | [64] |
| Mexico (Caborca, Northwest Mexico). Ten open markets and three packing centers | Total 2.7% (4/150): 6% in open-air markets (3/50) and 2% (1/50) from substandard asparagus bundles, 0% (0/50) for exportation | Asparagus | Kinyoun staining | [65] |
| Mexico (Caborca, Northwest Mexico); unregulated (8) and regulated (8) open-air markets, agricultural field for export produce | Total 11.0% (44/400): 1% melon (1/100), 5% peach (5/100), 8% asparagus (8/100), 30% grapes (30/100) | Melon, peach, asparagus, and grapes | Kinyoun staining | [66] |
| Norway Markets | Total: 6.6% (52/820): 5.5% blueberries (15/274), 8.7% raspberries (24/276), and 4.8% strawberries (3/270) | Blueberries, raspberries, and strawberries | Multiplex qPCR | [67] |
| Venezuela (Falcon State) | Total 3.9% (3/77) of 5 units of lettuce, cabbage, celery, cilantro, and parsley; 8 units of peppers, tomatoes, onions, and mushrooms; and 20 units of strawberries | Lettuce, cabbage, celery, cilantro, parsley, peppers, tomatoes, onions mushrooms, and strawberries | Concentration and UV epifluorescence and phase-contrast microscopy | [22] |