. 2023 Sep 19;13(9):1023. doi: 10.3390/metabo13091023

Table 4.

Least squares means and 95% confidence intervals of blood metabolites between low (high feed efficient, HE) and high RFI (low feed efficient, LE) and supplemented with rumen-protected choline (RPC) or not (CTL) in mid-lactation dairy cows.

	HE ¹				LE ¹				p-Value ²
Metabolite ³	CTL		RPC		CTL		RPC		RFI	TRT	RxT
BHB, mmol/L	0.67	[0.54, 0.83]	0.75	[0.60, 0.93]	0.56	[0.45, 0.70]	0.62	[0.50, 0.77]	0.04	0.24	0.97
Glucose, mg/dL	63.3 ^ab	[60.6, 66.0]	63.9 ^ab	[61.2, 66.6]	62.8 ^b	[60.1, 65.6]	67.8 ^a	[65.1, 70.4]	0.19	0.03	0.09
Fatty acids, mEq/L	0.13	[0.11, 0.16]	0.12	[0.09, 0.14]	0.14	[0.12, 0.17]	0.14	[0.11, 0.16]	0.21	0.38	0.54
Triglyceride, mg/dL	9.9 ^a	[8.1, 11.7]	7.5 ^b	[5.7, 9.4]	9.4 ^ab	[7.1, 11.7]	9.6 ^ab	[7.4, 11.8]	0.25	0.12	0.05
Albumin, g/dL	3.73	[3.62, 3.86]	3.79	[3.67, 3.93]	3.67	[3.57, 3.78]	3.89	[3.75, 4.06]	0.84	0.03	0.20
Bilirubin, mg/dL	0.09	[0.06, 0.12]	0.11	[0.04, 0.18]	0.10	[0.06, 0.14]	0.08	[0.07, 0.09]	0.66	0.95	0.34
BUN, mg/dL	17.1	[13.9, 20.3]	17.8	[14.6, 21.0]	17.5	[14.6, 20.4]	18.3	[15.5, 21.1]	0.62	0.45	0.96
Creatinine, mg/dL	0.71	[0.64, 0.78]	0.69	[0.62, 0.76]	0.66	[0.59, 0.73]	0.71	[0.64, 0.78]	0.67	0.63	0.35
ALT, U/L	31.4 ^ab	[27.7, 35.1]	24.7 ^b	[21, 28.4]	33.0 ^a	[29.3, 36.7]	36.0 ^a	[32.3, 39.6]	<0.01	0.31	0.01
AST, U/L	121	[99, 143]	126	[103, 148]	113	[91, 136]	133	[111, 155]	0.98	0.23	0.45
Insulin, µg/L	0.45	[0.30, 0.69]	0.60	[0.39, 0.91]	0.38	[0.25, 0.58]	0.38	[0.25, 0.58]	0.13	0.50	0.49
RQUICKI ⁴	0.53	[0.48, 0.59]	0.54	[0.40, 0.68]	0.56	[0.50, 0.62]	0.54	[0.48, 0.61]	0.67	0.89	0.79

¹ HE-CTL, n = 6; HE-RPC, n = 6; LE-CTL, n = 6; LE-RPC, n = 6. ² RFI= Residual feed intake group; TRT = dietary treatment; RxT = interaction between RFI and TRT. ³ BHB = β-hydroxybutyrate; BUN = blood urea nitrogen; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase. ⁴ Revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index [30] calculated as: RQUICKI = 1/[log (glucose mg/dL) + log (insulin µIU/mL) + log (non-esterified fatty acids mmol/L)]. ^a,b Means without common letters within the same row differed significantly (p ≤ 0.05).