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. 2023 Sep 8;16(9):1272. doi: 10.3390/ph16091272

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Inflammatory pathways in IBD and areas of action of biological therapies and S1p modulators. IL: Interleukin. Th: T helper. INF: Interferon. TNF: Tumor Necrosis Factor. MadCAM-1: Mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1. S1p: Sphingosine-1-phosphate.