Figure 5.

Immunosuppressive therapies for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. The therapies currently proposed for treatment are safe and effective, except for corticosteroids, which in the long term have benefits that are outweighed by the risks. The graph demonstrates a lower to higher safety profile, considering the authors’ opinion. We consider newly approved therapies to be at a disadvantage in this review due to fewer studies addressing long-term safety. Safety between therapies varies by therapeutic class or combination. More importantly, safety varies by subgroup of patient (characteristics such as age and comorbidities) and disease (characteristics such as phenotypes and systemic manifestations) (variation represented by the yellow blocks). The use of safe therapies that are not ideal for the characteristics of the patient’s disease is also a therapeutic risk factor. S1p: Sphingosine 1-Phosphate; JAK: Janus Kinases; IMM: immunomodulators; aTNF: anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor; IL: Interleukins.