Table 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants in massage, TENS, and control groups

Variables	Control	TENS	Massaging	P-value
sex
male female	10(21.7) 36(78.3)	19(41.3) 27(58.7)	14(30.4) 32(69.6)	0.127*
Age	42.91 ± 11.50	42.07 ± 11.73	44.59 ± 10.91	0.559**
The history of abdominal surgery	25(54.3)	28(60.9)	20(43.5)	0.240*
Duration of surgery	54.67 ± 18.98	53.48 ± 18.99	54.46 ± 20.44	0.952**
Duration of anesthesia	72.93 ± 18.93	71.41 ± 18.45	71.95 ± 20.28	0.929**
Pethidine use (mg)	29.35 ± 10.93	27.17 ± 8.86	27.72 ± 9.47	0.543**